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[[File:Orbit5.gif|right|600px|thumb|Animation of a '''binary star system''']] | [[File:Orbit5.gif|right|600px|thumb|Animation of a '''binary star system''']] | ||
This is a '''[[glossary]]''' of terms, celestial bodies and researchers in the '''[[TYCHOS]]''' book, first published by [[User:Simon Shack|Simon Shack]] on March 21st, 2018.<ref name=SSTychos group="T">[http://www.tychos.info/ TYCHOS.info]</ref> | This is a '''[[glossary]]''' of terms, celestial bodies and researchers mentioned in and related to the '''[[TYCHOS]]''' book, first published by [[User:Simon Shack|Simon Shack]] on March 21st, 2018.<ref name=SSTychos group="T">[http://www.tychos.info/ TYCHOS.info]</ref> | ||
== List of terms == | == List of terms == |
Revision as of 15:31, 16 April 2018
This is a glossary of terms, celestial bodies and researchers mentioned in and related to the TYCHOS book, first published by Simon Shack on March 21st, 2018.[T 1]
List of terms
Note: mainstream definition is listed, the TYCHOS redefines certain terms
Term | Description | Chapters bold in detail |
Notes |
---|---|---|---|
binary star/binary system | a binary star is a star system consisting of two stars orbiting around their common barycenter. These systems, especially when more distant, often appear to the unaided eye as a single point of light, and are then revealed as multiple by other means. | 1, 3, 4, 5, 9, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 24, 27, 28 | [T 2] [WPT 1] |
apparent magnitude | a number that is a measure of its brightness as seen by an observer on Earth. The brighter an object appears, the lower its magnitude value (i.e. inverse relation). | 35 | [T 3] [WPT 2] |
astronomical unit (AU) | a unit of length, roughly the distance from Earth to the Sun. However, that distance varies as Earth orbits the Sun, from a maximum (aphelion) to a minimum (perihelion) and back again once a year. Originally conceived as the average of Earth's aphelion and perihelion, it was defined exactly as 149,597,870,700 metres or about 150 million kilometres (93 million miles) since 2012. | 5, 15, 17, 26, 32, 33, 36 | [WPT 3] |
light-year (ly) | a unit of length used to express astronomical distances and measures about 9.5 trillion kilometres or 5.9 trillion miles. As defined by the International Astronomical Union (IAU), a light-year is the distance that light travels in vacuum in one Julian year (365.25 days). | 35 | [T 3] [WPT 4] |
parsec (pc) | a unit of length used to measure large distances to astronomical objects outside the Solar System. A parsec was defined as the distance at which one astronomical unit subtends an angle of one arcsecond, but it was redefined in 2015 to exactly 648000 / π astronomical units. One parsec is equal to about 3.26 light-years (30 trillion km or 19 trillion miles) in length. | 35 | [T 3] [WPT 5] |
right ascension (RA) | [WPT 6] | ||
declination (DECL) | [WPT 7] | ||
perigee | [WPT 8] | ||
apogee | [WPT 8] | ||
perihelion | [WPT 9] | ||
aphelion | [WPT 9] | ||
equinox | [WPT 10] | ||
solstice | [WPT 11] | ||
conjunction (inferior/superior) | [WPT 12] | ||
prograde | in our Solar System, all of the planets and most of the other objects that orbit the Sun, with the exception of many comets, do so in the "prograde" direction, i.e. the same sense as the rotation of the Sun. In addition, the rotations of most planets are prograde. | 7, 9 | [T 4][T 5] [WPT 13] |
retrograde | motion that is contrary to the rotation of the primary, that is, the object that forms the system's hub. Rotation is determined with respect to an inertial frame of reference, such as distant fixed stars. | 7, 9 | [T 4][T 5] [WPT 13] |
proper motion | the astronomical measure of the observed changes in the apparent places of stars or other celestial objects in the sky, as seen from the center of mass of the Solar System, compared to the abstract background of the more distant stars. | 36 | [T 6] [WPT 14] |
radial velocity | the rate of change of the distance between the object and the point. That is, the radial velocity is the component of the object's velocity that points in the direction of the radius connecting the object and the point. In astronomy, the point is usually taken to be the observer on Earth, so the radial velocity then denotes the speed with which the object moves away from or approaches the Earth. | 36 | [T 6] [WPT 15] |
adaptive optics | a technology used to improve the performance of optical systems by reducing the effect of incoming wavefront distortions by deforming a mirror in order to compensate for the distortion. It is used in astronomical telescopes to remove the effects of atmospheric distortion. | 1 | [T 7] [WPT 16] |
Shack-Hartmann principle | an optical instrument used for characterizing an imaging system. It is a wavefront sensor commonly used in adaptive optics systems. Shack–Hartmann sensors are used to characterize eyes for corneal treatment of complex refractive errors. | 1 | [T 2] [WPT 17] |
aberration of light | an astronomical phenomenon which produces an apparent motion of celestial objects about their true positions, dependent on the velocity of the observer. Aberration causes objects to appear to be displaced towards the direction of motion of the observer compared to when the observer is stationary. | 34 | [T 8] [WPT 18] |
apparent retrograde motion | the apparent motion of a planet in a direction opposite to that of other bodies within its system, as observed from a particular vantage point. Direct motion or prograde motion is motion in the same direction as other bodies. | 5, 6, 7, 9 | [WPT 19] |
apsidal precession | the precession (rotation) of the orbit of a celestial body. More precisely, it is the gradual rotation of the line joining the apsides of an orbit, which are the points of closest and farthest approach. | 28 | [T 9] [WPT 20] |
axial tilt | the angle between an object's rotational axis and its orbital axis, or, equivalently, the angle between its equatorial plane and orbital plane. | 8 | [T 10] [WPT 21] |
circumbinary | a planet that orbits two stars instead of one. Because of the short orbits of some binary stars, the only way for planets to form is by forming outside the orbit of the two stars. | 9, 14, 29 | [T 5] [WPT 22] |
equinoctial precession | a change in the orientation of the rotational axis of a rotating body. In astronomy, precession refers to any of several slow changes in an astronomical body's rotational or orbital parameters. An important example is the steady change in the orientation of the axis of rotation of the Earth, known as the precession of the equinoxes. | 18, 22 | [T 11][T 12] [WPT 23] [WPT 24] |
barycenter | the center of mass of two or more bodies that are orbiting each other, which is the point around which they both orbit. | 12 | [T 13] [WPT 25] |
tidal locking | occurs when the long-term interaction between a pair of co-orbiting astronomical bodies drives the rotation rates into a harmonic ratio with the orbital period. | 11 | [T 14] [WPT 26] |
orbital resonance | occurs when orbiting bodies exert a regular, periodic gravitational influence on each other, usually because their orbital periods are related by a ratio of small integers. Most commonly this relationship is found for a pair of objects. The physics principle behind orbital resonance is similar in concept to pushing a child on a swing, where the orbit and the swing both have a natural frequency, and the other body doing the "pushing" will act in periodic repetition to have a cumulative effect on the motion. Orbital resonances greatly enhance the mutual gravitational influence of the bodies, i.e. their ability to alter or constrain each other's orbits. | 15, 20 | [T 15][T 16] [WPT 27] |
analemma | a diagram showing the variation of the position of the Sun in the sky over the course of a year, as viewed at a fixed time of day and from a fixed location on the Earth. | 26 | [T 17] [WPT 28] |
Equation of Time | the discrepancy between two kinds of solar time. The word equation is used in the medieval sense of "reconcile a difference". The two times that differ are the apparent solar time, which directly tracks the diurnal motion of the Sun, and mean solar time, which tracks a theoretical mean Sun with noons 24 hours apart. | 26 | [T 17] [WPT 29] |
Sothic cycle | a period of 1,461 Egyptian civil years of 365 days each or 1,460 Julian years averaging 365¼ days each. During a Sothic cycle, the 365-day year loses enough time that the start of its year once again coincides with the heliacal rising of the star Sirius on 19 July in the Julian calendar. | 25, 33 | [T 18] [WPT 30] |
Saros cycle | a period of approximately 223 synodic months (approximately 6585.3211 days, or 18 years, 11 days, 8 hours), that can be used to predict eclipses of the Sun and Moon. One Saros cycle after an eclipse, the Sun, Earth, and Moon return to approximately the same relative geometry, a near straight line, and a nearly identical eclipse will occur, in what is referred to as an eclipse cycle. A sar is one half of a Saros cycle. | 16 | [T 19] [WPT 31] |
sidereal year | the time taken by the Earth to orbit the Sun once with respect to the fixed stars. | 24, 31 | [T 20][T 21] [WPT 32] |
sidereal day | approximately 23 hours, 56 minutes, 4.0905 SI seconds. The sidereal day is 0.0084 seconds shorter than Earth's period of rotation relative to the fixed stars. | 23, 31 | [T 22][T 21] [WPT 33] |
solar year/tropical year | the time that the Sun takes to return to the same position in the cycle of seasons, as seen from Earth; for example, the time from vernal equinox to vernal equinox, or from summer solstice to summer solstice. | 24, 31 | [T 20][T 21] [WPT 34] |
solar day/civil day | 23, 31 | [T 22][T 21] [WPT 35] | |
anomalistic year | the time taken for the Earth to complete one revolution with respect to its apsides. Its average duration is 365.259636 days (365 d 6 h 13 min 52.6 s). | 24, 31 | [T 20][T 21] [WPT 36] |
leap second | a one-second adjustment that is occasionally applied to Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) in order to keep its time of day close to the mean solar time as realized by UT1. Without such a correction, time reckoned by Earth's rotation drifts away from atomic time because of irregularities in the Earth's rate of rotation. Since this system of correction was implemented in 1972, 27 leap seconds have been inserted, the most recent on December 31, 2016 at 23:59:60 UTC. | 31 | [T 21] [WPT 37] |
Julian calendar | proposed by Julius Caesar in 46 BC was a reform of the Roman calendar and took effect on 1 January 45 BC, the predominant calendar in the Roman world, most of Europe, and in European settlements in the Americas and elsewhere, until it was gradually replaced by the Gregorian calendar in 1582. The Julian calendar gains against the mean tropical year at the rate of one day in 128 years. The difference in the average length of the year between Julian (365.25 days) and Gregorian (365.2425 days) is 0.002%. | 32, 33 | [T 23][T 24] [WPT 38] |
Gregorian calendar | The Gregorian calendar is internationally the most widely used civil calendar, named after Pope Gregory XIII, who introduced it in October 1582. It is considered a refinement to the Julian calendar, involving an approximately 0.002% correction in the length of the calendar year. The Julian calendar year was changed from 365.25 days (365 days 6 hours) to 365.2425 days (365 days 5 hours 49 minutes 12 seconds), a reduction of 10 minutes 48 seconds per year. | 31 | [T 21] [WPT 39] |
Milankovitch cycles | the collective effects of changes in the Earth's movements on its climate over thousands of years. Hypothesized as variations in supposed eccentricity (100,000 and 413,000 years), presumed axial tilt (~41,000 year), and precession (TYCHOS Great Year) of the Earth's orbit resulted in cyclical variation in the solar radiation reaching the Earth, and that this orbital forcing strongly influenced climatic patterns on Earth. It is an important geological parameter. | 17 | [T 25] [WPT 40] |
Michelson-Morley experiment | experiment performed between April and July, 1887 by Albert A. Michelson and Edward W. Morley in Cleveland, Ohio. It compared the speed of light in perpendicular directions, in an attempt to detect the relative motion of matter through the aether. The result was negative, in that the expected difference between the speed of light in the direction of movement through the presumed aether, and the speed at right angles, was found not to exist. | 19 | [T 26] [WPT 41] |
General Relativity (GR) | the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and the current description of gravitation in modern physics. | 28 | [T 9] [WPT 42] |
Binary Research Institute | The Binary Research Institute was formed in 2001 to support and fund research regarding the hypothesis that the Sun is part of a binary star system. | 1, 14, 18, 24, 30 | [1] |
NEAVE planetarium | interactive sky map for exploring the stars and planets. | 7, 8 | [2] |
SCOPE planetarium | free online model of solar system and night sky. | 7 | [3] |
Stellarium | free open source planetarium for your computer. It shows a realistic sky in 3D, just like what you see with the naked eye, binoculars or a telescope. | 7, 8 | [4] |
Term | Description | Chapters bold in detail |
Notes |
---|---|---|---|
TYCHOS | a revised model of our solar system. Its basic orbital configuration is based on the semi-Tychonian model as defined by Longomontanus in his Astronomia Danica (1622), a monumental work regarded as Tycho Brahe’s “testament”. Although the semi-Tychonic and the TYCHOS models are geometrically similar, they significantly differ in that the latter assigns an orbit to Earth – whereas the former considers Earth as a motionless (albeit diurnally-rotating) celestial body. | All | [T 27] [T 28] |
Annual Constant of Precession (ACP) | 16, 19, 20, 22, 24, 27, 30 | [T 12] | |
Empiric Sidereal Interval (ESI) | 6, 7, 10 | [T 29] | |
geoptical | 34 | [T 8] | |
PVP orbit | 19 | [T 26] | |
PVP constant | 19 | [T 26] | |
True Mean Synodic Period (TMSP) | 11, 17, 27 | [T 30] | |
Tychosium 2D | a bi-dimensional overhead view (as seen from above Earth's North Pole) of our Sun-Mars 'geoaxial' binary system. | 21 | [T 31][T 32] |
Tychosium 3D | 21 | [T 31][T 33] | |
TYCHOS Great Year (TGY) | 16, 30, 32 | [T 19][T 34] [T 23] |
List of celestial bodies
Note: bodies with a higher apparent magnitude than ~4 (city) or 6 (faintest) are not visible with the naked eye
Name | App. magnitude | Description | Chapters bold in detail |
Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Earth | Home. | All | [WPB 1] | |
Sun | -26.74 | Our star, accompanied by Mars in a binary system. | All | [WPB 2] |
Moon | -12.74 | Moon of Earth. | Preface, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 10, 11, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 23, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31 | [T 30] [WPB 3] |
Mercury | -2.6-5.7 | Junior moon of the Sun. | Preface, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13, 15, 16, 17, 19, 27, 28, Epilogue | [T 35] [T 36] [WPB 4] |
Venus | -4.9 to -3.8 | Senior moon of the Sun. | 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 17, 20, 27 | [T 37] [T 14] [WPB 5] |
Mars | -3.0-1.6 | Binary companion of the Sun. | Preface, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 26, 27, 36, Epilogue | [T 38] [WPB 6] |
Jupiter | -2.94 to -1.6 | P-type planet. | 2, 3, 6, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 20, 26, 27, 29, 36 | [T 39] [WPB 7] |
Saturn | -0.24-1.47 | P-type planet. | 2, 3, 6, 9, 13, 15, 29, 35, 36 | [T 39] [WPB 8] |
Uranus | 5.32-5.9 | P-type planet. | 9, 13, 15, 29 | [T 39] [WPB 9] |
Neptune | 7.78-8.02 | P-type planet. | 9, 13, 15, 29 | [T 39] [WPB 10] |
Pluto | 13.65-16.3 | P-type planet. | 9, 15, 29 | [T 39] [WPB 11] |
Phobos | 11.8 | Senior moon of Mars. | 3, 5 | [T 40] [WPB 12] |
Deimos | 12.89 | Junior moon of Mars. | 3, 5 | [T 40] [WPB 13] |
Ganymede | 4.38-4.61 | Largest Galilean moon of Jupiter. | 3 | [WPB 14] |
Io | 5.02 | Innermost Galilean moon of Jupiter. | 3, 26 | [WPB 15] |
Europa | 5.29 | Smallest Galilean moon of Jupiter. | 3 | [WPB 16] |
Callisto | 5.65 | 2nd-largest Galilean moon of Jupiter. | [WPB 17] | |
Titan | 8.2-9.0 | Largest moon of Saturn. | [WPB 18] | |
Iapetus | 10.2-11.9 | 3rd-largest moon of Saturn. | [WPB 19] | |
Rhea | 10 | 2nd-largest moon of Saturn. | [WPB 20] | |
Tethys | 10.2 | 2nd-brightest moon of Saturn. | [WPB 21] | |
Dione | 10.4 | 3rd of inner moons of Saturn. | [WPB 22] | |
Enceladus | 11.7 | 6th-largest moon of Saturn. | [WPB 23] | |
Mimas | 12.9 | Largest moon of Saturn. | [WPB 24] | |
Triton | 13.47 | Largest moon of Neptune. | [WPB 25] | |
Titania | 13.9 | Largest moon of Uranus. | [WPB 26] | |
Oberon | 14.1 | 2nd-largest moon of Uranus. | [WPB 27] | |
Ariel | 14.4 | 4th-largest moon of Uranus. | [WPB 28] | |
Umbriel | 14.5 | 3rd-largest moon of Uranus. | [WPB 29] | |
Miranda | 15.8 | 5th-largest moon of Uranus. | [WPB 30] | |
Main Asteroid Belt | Asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. | 14 | [T 41] [WPB 31] | |
Kuiper Belt | Kuiper object belt outside of orbit of Neptune. | 14 | [T 41] [WPB 32] | |
Sirius | -1.46 | Brightest star in the night sky, binary system. | 1, 3, 4, 6, 32, 33 | [T 42] [WPB 33] |
Vega | -0.02-0.07 | 5th-brightest star in the night sky. | 5, 14, 19, 26, 36 | [WPB 34] |
Fomalhaut | 1.16 | 18th-brightest star in the night sky. Binary star system with exoplanets, 2nd-brightest star with exoplanets, after Pollux. | 14 | [T 41] [WPB 35] |
Deneb | 1.25 | 19th brightest star in the night sky. Distance estimated between 1500 and 3227 ly. | 35 | [T 3] [WPB 36] |
Alpha Centauri | 1.33 | Binary/triple star system, closest to Earth. Exoplanet found around Proxima Centauri. | 1, 35, 36 | [T 3] [WPB 37] |
Regulus | 1.4 | 21st brightest star in the night sky. 4+ star system. Near ecliptic. | 6 | [T 29] [WPB 38] |
Polaris | 1.86-2.13 | North Star, binary system. | Preface, 5, 8, 18, 19, 34, Epilogue | [T 26] [WPB 39] |
Gamma Draconis | 2.23 | Brightest star of Draco. London Zenith Star. Used by James Bradley for the supposed aberration of light. May have a companion. | Epilogue | [WPB 40] |
Delta Capricorni | 2.81 | Binary system. | 7 | [T 4] [WPB 41] |
Tau Ceti | 3.5 | Single star, possibly 5 exoplanets. | 14 | [T 41] [WPB 42] |
Thuban | 3.65 | PVP Pole Star over time. | 19 | [T 26] [WPB 43] |
Epsilon Eridani | 3.74 | Single star, exoplanet and asteroid belt supposed. | 14 | [T 41] [WPB 44] |
Beta Pictoris | 3.86 | Single star, exoplanet found. | 14 | [T 41] [WPB 45] |
61 Cygni | 5.2 | Binary star system, first star (system) where parallax was measured by Bessel. | 36 | [T 6] [WPB 46] |
V762 Cas | 5.87 | Farthest star visible with the naked eye at 14,825.61 ly (4545.45 Pc) (1997) or 2764.10 ly (847.46 Pc) (2007). | 35 | [T 3] [5] |
55 Cancri | 5.95 | Binary star system, 5 exoplanets found. | 14 | [T 41] [WPB 47] |
Barnard's Star | 9.51 | Wandering star, highest proper motion. | Preface | [WPB 48] |
Canopus | -0.74 | 2nd-brightest star in the night sky. | [WPB 49] | |
Arcturus | -0.05 | 4th-brightest star in the night sky. | [WPB 50] | |
Capella | 0.03-0.16 | 6th-brightest star in the night sky, double binary star system. | [WPB 51] | |
Rigel | 0.05-0.18 | 7th-brightest star in the night sky, brightest of Orion, 3 to 5 star system. | [WPB 52] | |
Procyon | 0.34 | 8th-brightest star in the night sky, binary system. | [WPB 53] | |
Betelgeuse | 0.0-1.3 | 9th-brightest star in the night sky, 2nd-brightest of Orion. | [WPB 54] | |
Achernar | 0.40-0.46 | 10th-brightest star in the night sky, binary system. | [WPB 55] | |
Beta Centauri | 0.61 | 11th-brightest star in the night sky. Triple star system. | [WPB 56] | |
Altair | 0.76 | 12th-brightest star in the night sky, breaking up? | [WPB 57] | |
Alpha Crucis | 0.76 | 13th-brightest star in the night sky. Multiple star system. | [WPB 58] | |
Aldebaran | 0.75-0.95 | 14th-brightest star in the night sky. Likely hosting exoplanets. | [WPB 59] | |
Antares | 0.6-1.6 | 15th-brightest star in the night sky. Likely largest known star. | [WPB 60] | |
Spica | 0.97-1.04 | 16th-brightest star in the night sky, binary system. | [WPB 61] | |
Pollux | 1.14 | 17th-brightest star in the night sky. Has the closest exoplanet to Earth. | [WPB 62] | |
Mimosa | 1.23-1.31 | 20th-brightest star in the night sky, binary system. | [WPB 63] | |
Bellatrix | 1.59-1.64 | 25th-brightest star in the night sky. Right shoulder of Orion (seen from Northern hemisphere, the left shoulder is Betelgeuse). | [WPB 64] | |
Pleiades | 1.6 | Seven stars appearing close together. | [WPB 65] | |
Gamma Crucis | 1.64 | Single star. | [WPB 66] | |
Alnilam | 1.69 | Central star of Orion's Belt. Single star. | [WPB 67] | |
Alnitak | 1.77 | Left star of Orion's Belt (seen from Northern hemisphere). Triple star system. | [WPB 68] | |
Alioth | 1.77 | 31st-brightest star in the night sky. Leftmost and brightest star of the Big Dipper. | [WPB 69] | |
Dubhe | 1.79 | 2nd-brightest star of the Big Dipper. Has a companion. | [WPB 70] | |
Alkaid | 1.86 | 3rd-brightest star of the Big Dipper. Single star. | [WPB 71] | |
Castor | 1.93 | Triple star system. | [WPB 72] | |
Mizar | 2.04 | 4th-brightest star of the Big Dipper. Visual double star, part of quadruple system with Alcor. | [WPB 73] | |
Saiph | 2.09 | Left foot of Orion (seen from Northern hemisphere, the right foot is Rigel). | [WPB 74] | |
Algol | 2.12-3.39 | Triple star system. | [WPB 75] | |
Mintaka | 2.23 | Right star of Orion's Belt (seen from Northern hemisphere). Multiple star system. | [WPB 76] | |
Merak | 2.37 | 5th-brightest star of the Big Dipper. Single star. | [WPB 77] | |
Phecda | 2.43 | 6th-brightest star of the Big Dipper. Astrometric binary. | [WPB 78] | |
Alderamin | 2.51 | Pole Star over time. | [WPB 79] | |
Megrez | 3.31 | 7th-brightest (dimmest) star of the Big Dipper. Two companions. | [WPB 80] | |
Large Magellanic Cloud | 0.9 | The 3rd-closest galaxy to the Milky Way in the constellations of Dorado and Mensa. | [WPB 81] | |
Andromeda Galaxy | 3.44 | The nearest major galaxy to the Milky Way in the constellation of Andromeda. | [WPB 82] |
List of researchers
geocentrists |
heliocentrists |
geo-heliocentrists |
unknown/uncertain |
Name Main proponents in bold |
Centuries | Description | Chapters | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Simon Shack | 21st | Author of TYCHOS. | [T 43] | |
Tycho Brahe | 16/17th | Danish astronomer responsible for the development of the Tychonian model, upon which the TYCHOS is based. | Preface, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 18, 26, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36 | [WPR 1] |
Hipparchus | -2nd | Greek astronomer, geographer, and mathematician, is considered the founder of trigonometry but is most famous for his incidental discovery of precession of the equinoxes. | 30, 32, 36 | [T 34] [WPR 2] |
Sosigenes of Alexandria | -1st | Greek astronomer from Ptolemaic Egypt who, according to Roman historian Pliny the Elder, was consulted by Julius Caesar for the design of the Julian calendar. | 32 | [WPR 3] |
Ptolemy | 2nd | Greco-Roman mathematician, astronomer, geographer and astrologer responsible for the development of the geocentric model. | 6, 18, 27, 30, 36 | [WPR 4] |
Aztec astronomy | 15th- | Archaeoastronomy of the Aztec, central Mexico. | Preface, 27, 32 | [T 30] [WPR 5] |
Maya astronomy | 15th- | Archaeoastronomy of the Maya, Yucatán, Mexico and Guatemala. | Preface, 6, 32, 33 | [T 29] [WPR 6] |
Nilakantha Somayaji | 15/16th | Indian mathematician and astronomer of the Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics. One of his most influential works was the comprehensive astronomical treatise Tantrasamgraha completed in 1501. | Preface, 2 | [T 44] [WPR 7] |
Longomontanus | 16/17th | Danish astronomer who really developed Tycho's geoheliocentric model empirically and publicly to common acceptance in the 17th century in his 1622 astronomical tables. He published the voluminous Astronomia Danica (1622), regarded as the testament of Tycho Brahe. | Preface, 5, 12 | [WPR 8] |
Nicolaus Copernicus | 16th | Polish/Prussian mathematician and astronomer who formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than the Earth at the center of the universe. The publication of Copernicus' model in his book De revolutionibus orbium coelestium in 1543 was a major event in the history of science, triggering the Copernican Revolution. | Preface, 5, 6, 18, 35, 36, Epilogue | [WPR 9] |
Galileo Galilei | 16/17th | Italian polymath, central figure in the transition from natural philosophy to modern science and transformation of the scientific Renaissance into a scientific revolution. Galileo's championing of heliocentrism and Copernicanism was controversial during his lifetime, when most subscribed to either geocentrism or the Tychonic system. | Preface, 12 | [WPR 10] |
Johannes Kepler | 17th | German mathematician, astronomer, and astrologer, best known for his laws of planetary motion, based on his works Astronomia nova, Harmonices Mundi, and Epitome of Copernican Astronomy, provided one of the foundations for Isaac Newton's theory of universal gravitation. | Preface, 5, 6, 11, 20, 26, Epilogue | [WPR 11] |
Giovanni Cassini | 17th | Italian mathematician, astronomer and engineer. Discoverer of 4 moons of Saturn. | 36 | [WPR 12] |
Giovanni Riccioli | 17th | Italian astronomer and Catholic priest in the Jesuit order. He is known, for his experiments with pendulums and with falling bodies, for his discussion of 126 arguments concerning the motion of the Earth, for describing the first binary star system and for introducing the current scheme of lunar nomenclature. | 1 | [WPR 13] |
Cristoph Scheiner | 17th | German Jesuit priest, physicist and astronomer who discovered the changes in sunspots, published in 1630. | 12 | [T 13] [WPR 14] |
Isaac Newton | 17/18th | English mathematician, astronomer, theologian, author and physicist, widely recognised as one of the most influential scientists of all time, and a key figure in the scientific revolution. His book Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica (1687), laid the foundations of classical mechanics. | Preface, 4, 10, 28, Epilogue | [WPR 15] |
Ole Roemer | 17th/18th | Danish astronomer who in 1676 made the first quantitative measurements of the speed of light, persuaded the king to introduce the Gregorian calendar in Denmark-Norway — something Tycho Brahe had argued for in vain a hundred years earlier. | 26 | [WPR 16] |
James Bradley | 18th | English astronomer and priest. Best known for two fundamental discoveries in astronomy, the aberration of light (1725–1728), and the nutation of the Earth's axis (1728–1748). | Preface, 26, 34, Epilogue | [T 8] [WPR 17] |
Pathani Samanta | 19th | Indian astronomer and scholar who measured the distance from earth with a bamboo pipe and many other traditional instruments that he built. His observations, research and calculations were compiled into a book Siddhanta Darpana. | Preface, 2, 6 | [WPR 18] |
Friedrich Bessel | 19th | German astronomer, mathematician, physicist and geodesist. He was the first astronomer who determined reliable values for the distance from the sun to another star by the method of parallax. | 36 | [WPR 19] |
Simon Newcomb | 19th | Canadian–American astronomer, applied mathematician and autodidactic polymath, made important contributions to timekeeping. | 30, 36 | [WPR 20] |
Rudolf Steiner | 19/20th | Austrian philosopher, social reformer, architect and esotericist, founded an esoteric spiritual movement, anthroposophy, with roots in German idealist philosophy and theosophy; other influences include Goethean science and Rosicrucianism. | Preface | [WPR 21] |
Albert Einstein | 20th | German-born theoretical physicist who developed the theory of relativity, awarded Nobel Prize for Physics in 1921. | Preface, 3, 4, 6, 10, Epilogue | [WPR 22] |
John Knight Fotheringham | 20th | British historian who was an expert on ancient astronomy and chronology. He established the chronology of the Babylonian dynasties. | 30 | [WPR 23] |
Robert Russell Newton | 20th | American physicist, astronomer, and historian of science, known for his work on change of the rotation rate of the Earth, and historical observations of eclipses. | 30 | [WPR 24] |
Vittorio Goretti | 20th | Italian amateur astronomer and a discoverer of minor planets, discovered 32 main-belt asteroids. | 36 | [WPR 25] |
Theodor Landscheidt | 20th | German author, astrologer and amateur climatologist. | 13 | [T 45] [WPR 26] |
Karl-Heinz Homann | 20th/21st | German electronic technician. | 33 | [T 46] |
Howard Margolis | 20th/21st | American social scientist. His study of social theory focused on the underpinnings of individual choice and judgment that shape aggregate social outcomes. | 1 | [T 47] [WPR 27] |
James Schombert | 20th/21st | American astrophysicist (1984, Yale), Fields of research: Galaxy Surveys, Evolution and Properties of Galaxies. | 1 | [T 48] [6] |
Walter Cruttenden | 20th/21st | American amateur theoretical archaeo-astronomer and author of the binary theory of precession. | 1, 18, 24, 30, 33 | [T 49] [7] |
Anthony Ayiomamitis | 21st | Greek astrophotographer. | 26 | [8] |
Christopher Graney | 21st | American professor of physics and astronomy. | Preface, 5 | [9] [10] |
Flat and Hollow Earthers |
geocentrists |
heliocentrists |
geo-heliocentrists |
Name | Centuries | Description | Chapters | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Anaxagoras | -5th | Greek philosopher and scientist whose observations of the celestial bodies and the fall of meteorites led him to form new theories of the universal order, and to a putative prediction of the impact of a meteorite in 467. He attempted to give a scientific account of eclipses, meteors, rainbows, and the sun, which he described as a mass of blazing metal, larger than the Peloponnese. The heavenly bodies, he asserted, were masses of stone torn from the Earth and ignited by rapid rotation. He was the first to give a correct explanation of eclipses, and was both famous and notorious for his scientific theories, including the claims that the Sun is a mass of red-hot metal, that the Moon is earthy, and that the stars are fiery stones. He thought the earth was flat and floated supported by 'strong' air under it and disturbances in this air sometimes caused earthquakes. | [WPR 28] | |
Aristotle | -4th | Greek philosopher and scientist, considered the "Father of Western Philosophy". | [WPR 29] | |
Heraclides Ponticus | -4th | Greek philosopher and astronomer, incorrectly named the father of heliocentrism. | [WPR 30] | |
Theophrastus | -3rd | Greek biologist and physicist, student of Aristotle. Published Heaven. | [WPR 31] | |
Eratosthenes | -3rd | Greek mathematician, geographer, astronomer, invented the discipline of geography, best known for being the first person to calculate the circumference of the Earth and also the first to calculate the tilt of the Earth's axis. He may have accurately calculated the distance from the Earth to the Sun and invented the leap day, created the first map of the world, incorporating parallels and meridians. He also calculated the Sun's diameter at about 27 times that of the Earth, in reality it is approximately 109 times. | [WPR 32] | |
Aristarchus of Samos | -3rd | Greek astronomer and mathematician, the father of heliocentrism, suspected the stars were other suns that are very far away, and that in consequence there was no observable parallax; movement of the stars relative to each other as the Earth moves around the Sun. | [WPR 33] | |
Seleucus of Seleucia | -2nd | Mesopotamian astronomer and philosopher, proponent of heliocentrism, the first to assume the universe to be infinite. | [WPR 34] | |
Macrobius | 4th/5th | Roman writer who presented a discourse upon the nature of the cosmos, transmitting much classical philosophy to the later Middle Ages. In astronomy, this work is noted for giving the diameter of the Sun as twice the diameter of the Earth. | [WPR 35] | |
Martianus Capella | 5th | Latin prose writer of Late Antiquity, one of the earliest developers of the system of the seven liberal arts that structured early medieval education. His single encyclopedic work was De nuptiis Philologiae et Mercurii. | [WPR 36] | |
Aryabhata | 5th/6th | Indian mathematician and astronomer. He ascribed the apparent motions of the heavens to the Earth's rotation. He may have believed that the planet's orbits as elliptical rather than circular. Aryabhata correctly insisted that the Earth rotates about its axis daily, and that the apparent movement of the stars is a relative motion caused by the rotation of the Earth, contrary to the then-prevailing view, that the sky rotated. He described a geocentric model of the solar system, in which the Sun and Moon are each carried by epicycles. They in turn revolve around the Earth. In this model, the motions of the planets are each governed by two epicycles, smaller and larger. The order of the planets in terms of distance from Earth is taken as: the Moon, Mercury, Venus, the Sun, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, and the asterisms. | [WPR 37] | |
Azophi | 10th | Persian astronomer who identified the Large Magellanic Cloud and made the earliest recorded observation of the Andromeda Galaxy, the first galaxies other than the Milky Way to be observed from Earth. He observed that the ecliptic plane is inclined with respect to the celestial equator and more accurately calculated the length of the tropical year. He observed and described the stars, their positions, their magnitudes and their colour. For each constellation, he provided two drawings, one from the outside of a celestial globe, and the other from the inside (as seen from the Earth). | [WPR 38] | |
Alhazen | 10th/11th | Arab mathematician, astronomer, and physicist, honored as Ptolemaeus secundus, kept a geocentric universe and assumed that celestial motions are uniformly circular, which required the inclusion of epicycles to explain observed motion, published in The Model of the Motions of Each of the Seven Planets (~1038). | [WPR 39] | |
Avicenna | 11th | Persian polymath who is regarded as one of the most significant physicians, astronomers, thinkers and writers of the Islamic Golden Age. He claimed to have observed Venus as a spot on the Sun, there was a transit on May 24, 1032, to help establish that Venus was, at least sometimes, below the Sun in Ptolemaic cosmology, i.e. the sphere of Venus comes before the sphere of the Sun when moving out from the Earth in the prevailing geocentric model. He considered the motion of the solar apogee, which Ptolemy had taken to be fixed. | [WPR 40] | |
Avempace | 11th | Arab Andalusian polymath, astronomer, physicist and philosopher. He published a theory in which the motion of the stars and planets is uniform and circular, and in agreement with observation. | [WPR 41] | |
Averroes | 12th | Andalusian Moorish polymath, philosopher, mathematician and astronomer. Popularized the work of Aristotle. | [WPR 42] | |
Al | 13th | Persian polymath, astronomer, mathematician and physicist. Followed up on Ptolemy and in The Limit of Accomplishment concerning Knowledge of the Heavens discussed the possibility of heliocentrism. | [WPR 43] | |
Shirazi | ||||
Ulugh Beg | 15th | Persian astronomer and mathematician, built an enormous observatory, similar to Tycho Brahe's later Uraniborg. Using it, he compiled the 1437 Zij-i-Sultani of 994 stars, considered the greatest star catalogue between those of Ptolemy and Brahe. He determined the length of the sidereal year as 365.2570370...d = 365d 6h 10m 8s (an error of +58 seconds) and a more precise value of tropical year as 365d 5h 49m 15s, which has an error of +25 seconds, making it more accurate than Copernicus's estimate. He determined the Earth's axial tilt as 23;30,17 degrees (23.5047 degrees). | [WPR 44] | |
Muisca astronomy | 15th- | Archaeoastronomy of the Muisca, Altiplano Cundiboyacense, Colombia. | [WPR 45] | |
Valentin Naboth | 16th | German mathematician, astronomer and astrologer, author of a general textbook on astrology Enarratio elementorum astrologiae. Renowned for calculating the mean annual motion of the Sun, his writings are chiefly devoted to commenting upon Ptolemy and the Arabian astrologers. | [WPR 46] | |
Paul Wittich | 16th | German mathematician and astronomer, who may have inspired Tycho Brahe for his Tychonic system. He may have been influenced by Valentin Naboth's book Primarum de coelo et terra in adopting the Capellan system to explain the motion of the inferior planets. It is evident from Wittich's diagram of his Capellan system that the Martian orbit does not intersect the solar orbit nor those of Mercury and Venus. | [WPR 47] | |
Francesco Maurolico | 16th | Sicilian mathematician and astronomer, sighted the supernova that appeared in Cassiopeia in 1572, known as Tycho's Supernova of 1574. His De Sphaera Liber Unus (1575) contains a fierce attack against Copernicus' heliocentrism, in which Maurolico writes that Copernicus "deserved a whip or a scourge rather than a refutation". | [WPR 48] | |
Thomas Digges | 16th | English mathematician and astronomer, translated Copernicus' work in English. He attempted to determine the parallax of the 1572 supernova observed by Tycho Brahe, and concluded it had to be beyond the orbit of the Moon. This contradicted the accepted view of the universe, according to which no change could take place among the fixed stars. | [WPR 49] | |
Christoph Rothmann | 16th | German mathematician and astronomer. | [WPR 50] | |
Nicolaus Reimers | 16th | German mathematician and astronomer to Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II. | [WPR 51] | |
Christopher Clavius | 16th/17th | German Jesuit mathematician and astronomer. | [WPR 52] | |
Giovanni Antonio Magini | 16th/17th | Italian astronomer, astrologer, cartographer, and mathematician. In 1588 he was chosen over Galileo Galilei to occupy the chair of mathematics at the University of Bologna. Magini supported a geocentric system of the world, in preference to Copernicus's heliocentric system. Magini devised his own planetary theory, in preference to other existing ones. The Maginian System consisted of eleven rotating spheres, which he described in his Novæ cœlestium orbium theoricæ congruentes cum observationibus N. Copernici (1589). He corresponded with Tycho Brahe, Clavius, Abraham Ortelius, and Johann Kepler. | [WPR 53] | |
Christoph Grienberger | 16th/17th | Austrian Jesuit astronomer who supported Galilei. | [WPR 54] | |
Odo van Maelcote | 16th/17th | Southern-Dutch (Belgian) Jesuit astronomer and mathematician who supported Galilei. | [WPR 55] [WPR 56] [WPR 57] | |
Giuseppe | 16th/17th | Italian Jesuit astronomer, mathematician and selenographer. Very much opposed to the Copernican model. | [WPR 58] | |
Biancani | ||||
Johannes Praetorius | 16th/17th | German mathematician and astronomer. | [WPR 59] | |
Simon Marius | 16th/17th | German astronomer, who in 1614 published his work Mundus Iovialis describing the planet Jupiter and its moons. He discovered the planet's four major moons some days before Galileo Galilei. Marius concluded that the geocentric Tychonic system, in which the planets circle the Sun while the Sun circles the Earth, must be the correct world system, or model of the universe. | [WPR 60] | |
David Fabricius | 16th/17th | Jewish-German pastor and astronomer who corresponded with Kepler, discovered the first variable star in 1596 and with his son Johannes sunspots independently from Galilei. Besides these two discoveries, little else is known about David Fabricius except his unusual manner of death: after denouncing a local goose thief from the pulpit, the accused man struck him in the head with a shovel and killed him. | [WPR 61] | |
Johannes Fabricius | 17th | Jewish-German astronomer who with his father David discovered sunspots independently from Galilei. He produced the first publication of sunspots. | [WPR 62] | |
Christiaan Huygens | 17th | Dutch physicist, mathematician, astronomer and inventor, who is widely regarded as one of the greatest scientists of all time and a major figure in the scientific revolution. Inventor of the telescope and discoverer of Titan, largest moon of Saturn, published in Systema saturnium in 1659. | [WPR 63] | |
Johannes Hevelius | 17th | Polish-Lithuanian astronomer who described the rotation of sunspots, described new constellations, discovered the Moon's libration and was the first to describe comets as in a parabolic path around the Sun. | [WPR 64] | |
Robert Hooke | 17th | English natural philosopher, architect and polymath, who tried to measure the distance to stars and was an early observer of the rings of Saturn, discovered one of the first observed double-star systems, Gamma Arietis, in 1664. Famous for Hooke's law. | [WPR 65] | |
Edmond Halley | 17th/18th | English astronomer, geophysicist, mathematician, meteorologist, and physicist. Computed the orbit of Halley's comet. He was a Hollow Earther. | [WPR 66] | |
Johann Gabriel | 18th | German mathematician, astronomer, and cartographer who produced side-by-side maps of the Copernican and Tychonian models with a preference for the former. | [WPR 67] | |
Doppelmayr | ||||
Charles Messier | 18th | French astronomer most notable for publishing an astronomical catalogue consisting of nebulae and star clusters that came to be known as the 110 "Messier objects". | [WPR 68] | |
Anders Celsius | 18th | Swedish astronomer, physicist and mathematician, who first made the connection between the aurora borealis with magnetism, established the Earth is flattened spheroid and became the father of the Celsius temperature scale. | [WPR 69] | |
Giuseppe Piazzi | 18th/19th | Italian priest, mathematician and astronomer who discovered dwarf planet Ceres. | [WPR 70] | |
Barnaba Oriani | 18th/19th | Italian priest, geodesist and astronomer who described the obliquity of the ecliptic and orbital theory, his greatest achievement was his detailed research of the planet Uranus, calculating its orbital properties, not on a parabolic orbit but rather in a roughly circular orbit, he calculated the orbit in 1783. In 1789, Oriani improved his calculations by accounting for the gravitational effects of Jupiter and Saturn. | [WPR 71] | |
Eise Eisinga | 18th/19th | Frisian amateur astronomer who built the oldest-existing functioning planetarium in the world. | [WPR 72] | |
Pierre-Simon Laplace | 18th/19th | French mathematician, physicist and astronomer who believed in the aether, but returned to Newton's gravitational theory. Considered the "Newton of France". | [WPR 73] | |
William Herschel | 18th/19th | German-English astronomer who improved determination of the rotation period of Mars, the discovery that the Martian polar caps vary seasonally, the discovery of the moons of Uranus Titania and Oberon and Enceladus and Mimas of Saturn. In addition, Herschel discovered infrared radiation. | [WPR 74] | |
John Herschel | 19th | English polymath, mathematician, astronomer, chemist, inventor, and experimental photographer. He originated the use of the Julian day system in astronomy and named seven moons of Saturn and four moons of Uranus. Involved in the Beavers on the Moon astronomy hoax. | [WPR 75] | |
James South | 19th | British astronomer who together with John Herschel produced a catalogue of 380 double stars in 1824, reobserving many of the double stars that had been discovered by William Herschel. He observed another 458 double stars over the following year. | [WPR 76] | |
Friedrich von Struve | 19th | German-Russian astronomer and geodesist, discovered a very large number of double stars and in 1827 published his double star catalogue Catalogus novus stellarum duplicium. He was also the first to measure the parallax of Vega. | [WPR 77] | |
Angelo Secchi | 19th | Italian Jesuit astronomer, one of the first scientists to state authoritatively that the Sun is a star, revised Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve's catalog of double stars, compiling data for over 10,000 binaries, discovered three comets, and drew some of the first color illustrations of Mars, the first to describe "channels" (canali) on the surface. He observed and made drawings of solar eruptions and sunspots, and compiled records of sunspot activity, proved that the solar corona and coronal prominences observed during a solar eclipse were part of the Sun, and not artifacts of the eclipse and discovered solar spicules. | [WPR 78] | |
Urbain Le Verrier | 19th | French mathematician who predicted the location of Neptune. | [WPR 79] | |
Johann Gottfried Galle | 19th | German astronomer who discovered Neptune. | [WPR 80] | |
William Lassell | 19th | English merchant and astronomer who discovered Triton, the largest moon of Neptune, co-discovered Hyperion, a moon of Saturn and Ariel and Umbriel, two moons of Uranus. | [WPR 81] | |
Asaph Hall | 19th | American astronomer who discovered Phobos and Deimos, the moons of Mars. | [WPR 82] | |
Clyde Tombaugh | 20th | American astronomer who discovered (now dwarf-) planet Pluto. | [WPR 83] | |
Gerard Kuiper | 20th | Dutch-American astronomer who discovered Miranda, moon of Uranus and Nereid, moon of Neptune. The Kuiper Belt is named after him. Was involved in "selecting landing sites for the Apollo program". | [WPR 84] |
See also
References
TYCHOS
- ↑ TYCHOS.info
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 TYCHOS - Chapter 1
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 TYCHOS - Chapter 35
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 TYCHOS - Chapter 7
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 TYCHOS - Chapter 9
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 TYCHOS - Chapter 36
- ↑ Adaptive Optics
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 TYCHOS - Chapter 34
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 TYCHOS - Chapter 28
- ↑ TYCHOS - Chapter 8
- ↑ TYCHOS - Chapter 18
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 TYCHOS - Chapter 22
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 TYCHOS - Chapter 12
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 TYCHOS - Chapter 11
- ↑ TYCHOS - Chapter 15
- ↑ TYCHOS - Chapter 20
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 TYCHOS - Chapter 26
- ↑ TYCHOS - Chapter 25
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 TYCHOS - Chapter 16
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 TYCHOS - Chapter 24
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 21.5 21.6 TYCHOS - Chapter 31
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 TYCHOS - Chapter 23
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 TYCHOS - Chapter 32
- ↑ TYCHOS - Chapter 33
- ↑ TYCHOS - Chapter 17
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 26.4 TYCHOS - Chapter 19
- ↑ TYCHOS - Preface
- ↑ TYCHOS - Chapter 5
- ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 TYCHOS - Chapter 6
- ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 TYCHOS - Chapter 27
- ↑ 31.0 31.1 TYCHOS - Chapter 21
- ↑ Tychosium 2D
- ↑ Tychosium 3D demo
- ↑ 34.0 34.1 TYCHOS - Chapter 30
- ↑ Animation of Mercury around the Sun
- ↑ TYCHOS - Chapter 10
- ↑ Animation of Venus around the Sun
- ↑ Animation of Mars around the Sun
- ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 39.3 39.4 TYCHOS - Chapter 29
- ↑ 40.0 40.1 TYCHOS - Chapter 3
- ↑ 41.0 41.1 41.2 41.3 41.4 41.5 41.6 TYCHOS - Chapter 14
- ↑ TYCHOS - Chapter 4
- ↑ TYCHOS - about the author
- ↑ TYCHOS - Chapter 2
- ↑ TYCHOS - Chapter 13
- ↑ Karl-Heinz Homann
- ↑ Howard Margolis (1998)
- ↑ James Schombert
- ↑ Walter Cruttenden
Wikipedia
Terms
- ↑ Binary star
- ↑ Apparent magnitude
- ↑ Astronomical unit
- ↑ Light-year
- ↑ Parsec
- ↑ Right ascension
- ↑ Declination
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Perigee and apogee
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Perihelion and aphelion
- ↑ Equinox
- ↑ Solstice
- ↑ Conjunction
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Retrograde and prograde motion
- ↑ Proper motion
- ↑ Radial velocity
- ↑ Adaptive optics
- ↑ Shack–Hartmann wavefront sensor
- ↑ Aberration of light
- ↑ Apparent retrograde motion
- ↑ Apsidal precession
- ↑ Axial tilt
- ↑ Circumbinary
- ↑ Precession
- ↑ Axial precession
- ↑ Barycenter
- ↑ Tidal locking
- ↑ Orbital resonance
- ↑ Analemma
- ↑ Equation of Time
- ↑ Sothic cycle
- ↑ Saros cycle
- ↑ Sidereal year
- ↑ Sidereal day
- ↑ Tropical year
- ↑ Civil day
- ↑ Anomalistic year
- ↑ Leap second
- ↑ Julian calendar
- ↑ Gregorian calendar
- ↑ Milankovitch cycles
- ↑ Michelson-Morley experiment
- ↑ General Relativity
Celestial bodies
- ↑ Earth
- ↑ Sun
- ↑ Moon
- ↑ Mercury
- ↑ Venus
- ↑ Mars
- ↑ Jupiter
- ↑ Saturn
- ↑ Uranus
- ↑ Neptune
- ↑ Pluto
- ↑ Phobos
- ↑ Deimos
- ↑ Ganymede
- ↑ Io
- ↑ Europa
- ↑ Callisto
- ↑ Titan
- ↑ Iapetus
- ↑ Rhea
- ↑ Tethys
- ↑ Dione
- ↑ Enceladus
- ↑ Mimas
- ↑ Triton
- ↑ Titania
- ↑ Oberon
- ↑ Ariel
- ↑ Umbriel
- ↑ Miranda
- ↑ Main Asteroid Belt
- ↑ Kuiper Belt
- ↑ Sirius
- ↑ Vega
- ↑ Fomalhaut
- ↑ Deneb
- ↑ Alpha Centauri
- ↑ Regulus
- ↑ Polaris
- ↑ Gamma Draconis
- ↑ Delta Capricorni
- ↑ Tau Ceti
- ↑ Thuban
- ↑ Epsilon Eridani
- ↑ Beta Pictoris
- ↑ 61 Cygni
- ↑ 55 Cancri
- ↑ Barnard's Star
- ↑ Canopus
- ↑ Arcturus
- ↑ Capella
- ↑ Rigel
- ↑ Procyon
- ↑ Betelgeuse
- ↑ Achernar
- ↑ Beta Centauri
- ↑ Altair
- ↑ Alpha Crucis
- ↑ Aldebaran
- ↑ Antares
- ↑ Spica
- ↑ Pollux
- ↑ Mimosa
- ↑ Bellatrix
- ↑ Pleiades
- ↑ Gamma Crucis
- ↑ Alnilam
- ↑ Alnitak
- ↑ Alioth
- ↑ Dubhe
- ↑ Alkaid
- ↑ Castor
- ↑ Mizar
- ↑ Saiph
- ↑ Algol
- ↑ Mintaka
- ↑ Merak
- ↑ Phecda
- ↑ Alderamin
- ↑ Megrez
- ↑ Large Magellanic Cloud
- ↑ Andromeda Galaxy
Researchers
- ↑ Tycho Brahe
- ↑ Hipparchus
- ↑ Sosigenes of Alexandria
- ↑ Ptolemy
- ↑ Aztec calendar
- ↑ Maya astronomy
- ↑ Nilakantha Somayaji
- ↑ Longomontanus
- ↑ Nicolaus Copernicus
- ↑ Galileo Galilei
- ↑ Johannes Kepler
- ↑ Giovanni Cassini
- ↑ Giovanni Riccioli
- ↑ Cristoph Scheiner
- ↑ Isaac Newton
- ↑ Ole Roemer
- ↑ James Bradley
- ↑ Pathani Samanta
- ↑ Friedrich Bessel
- ↑ Simon Newcomb
- ↑ Rudolf Steiner
- ↑ Albert Einstein
- ↑ John Knight Fotheringham
- ↑ Robert Russell Newton
- ↑ Vittorio Goretti
- ↑ Theodor Landscheidt
- ↑ Howard Margolis
- ↑ Anaxagoras
- ↑ Aristotle
- ↑ Heraclides Pontius
- ↑ Theophrastus
- ↑ Eratosthenes
- ↑ Aristarchus of Samos
- ↑ Seleucus of Seleucia
- ↑ Macrobius
- ↑ Martianus Capella
- ↑ Aryabhata
- ↑ Azophi
- ↑ Alhazen
- ↑ Avicenna
- ↑ Avempace
- ↑ Averroes
- ↑ Al Shirazi
- ↑ Ulugh Beg
- ↑ Muisca astronomy
- ↑ Valentin Naboth
- ↑ Paul Wittich
- ↑ Francesco Maurolico
- ↑ Thomas Digges
- ↑ Christoph Rothmann
- ↑ Nicolaus Reimers
- ↑ Christopher Clavius
- ↑ Giovanni Antonio Magini
- ↑ Christoph Grienberger
- ↑ Odo van Maelcote (it)
- ↑ Odo van Maelcote (fr)
- ↑ Odo van Maelcote (de)
- ↑ Giuseppe Biancani
- ↑ Johannes Praetorius
- ↑ Simon Marius
- ↑ David Fabricius
- ↑ Johannes Fabricius
- ↑ Christiaan Huygens
- ↑ Johannes Hevelius
- ↑ Robert Hooke
- ↑ Edmond Halley
- ↑ Johann Gabriel Doppelmayr
- ↑ Charles Messier
- ↑ Anders Celsius
- ↑ Giuseppe Piazzi
- ↑ Barnaba Oriani
- ↑ Eise Eisinga
- ↑ Pierre-Simon Laplace
- ↑ William Herschel
- ↑ John Herschel
- ↑ James South
- ↑ Friedrich von Struve
- ↑ Angelo Secchi
- ↑ Urbain Le Verrier
- ↑ Johann Gottfried Galle
- ↑ William Lassell
- ↑ Asaph Hall
- ↑ Clyde Tombaugh
- ↑ Gerard Kuiper
Other links
External links
Tychonic
- Clues Chronicle 25 - TYCHOS
- 2010 - Katherine Sanderson - Galileo backed Copernicus despite data - Nature news
- 2010 - Andrew Brown - Galileo in a spin - The Guardian
- 2010 - Andrew Brown - Myth, heaven, and Galileo - The Guardian
Archaeoastronomy
Miscellaneous
- 2009 - Shank - Setting up Copernicus? Astronomy and Natural Philosophy in Giambattista Capuano da Manfredonia's Expositio on the Sphere
- 1611 - Sizzi - "Understanding of astronomy, optics, and physics, about a rumor in Sidereus Nuncius about the four planets seen by the very celebrated mathematician Galileo Galilei with his telescope, shown to be unfounded" - where he doubts the discovery by Galilei of the 4 moons of Jupiter