Tiwanaku: Difference between revisions

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| colspan=2 bgcolor=brown |
| colspan=2 bgcolor=brown |
|-
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| colspan=2 align=center | [[File:Zonnepoort tiwanaku.jpg|250px]]
| colspan=2 align=center | [[File:Zonnepoort tiwanaku.jpg|280px]]
|-
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| <small>[[Psyop#Types|Type 1]]</small> || [[:Category:Archeology psyops|Archeology]]
| <small>[[Psyop#Types|Type 1]]</small> || [[:Category:Archeology psyops|Archeology]]
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| <small>[[Psyop#Types|Type 3]]</small> || [[:Category:TO BE INVESTIGATED|To be investigated]]
| <small>[[Psyop#Types|Type 3]]</small> || [[:Category:TO BE INVESTIGATED|To be investigated]]
|-
|-
| <small>Years</small> || align=center | 1550+
| <small>Years</small> || align=center | ~1550+, [[:Category:1932 psyops|1932]], [[:Category:1933 psyops|1933]]
|-
|-
| <small>Dates</small> || align=center |  
| <small>Dates</small> || align=center | [[:Category:04/25 psyops|April 25]]
|-
|-
| <small>Place</small> || Altiplano boliviano<br>[[:Category:Psyops in Bolivia|Bolivia]]
| <small>Place</small> || Altiplano boliviano<br>[[:Category:Psyops in Bolivia|Bolivia]]
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| '''Podcasts''' || align=center | [[FAC 611]]
| '''Podcasts''' || align=center | [[FAC 611]]
|-
|-
| Research || align=center | <ref name=DavidYT group="GP"/><ref name=David1 group="GP"/><ref name=David2 group="GP"/><ref name=BoletoMachu group="GP"/>
| Geopolymers || align=center | <ref name=DavidYT group="GP"/><ref name=David1 group="GP"/><ref name=David2 group="GP"/><ref name=BoletoMachu group="GP"/>
|-
| Other research || align=center |
|-
|-
| Mainstream || align=center | <ref name=WikiTiwanaku group="M"/><ref name=WikiPumaPunku group="M"/><ref name=WikiBennett group="M"/>
| Mainstream || align=center | <ref name=WikiTiwanaku group="M"/><ref name=WikiPumaPunku group="M"/><ref name=WikiBennett group="M"/>
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[[File:Bennett 1ºfoto.jpg|right|200px]]
[[File:Bennett 1ºfoto.jpg|right|200px]]
The Bennett monolith was found in an underground temple at Tiwanaku in June [[:Category:1932 psyops|1932]] by Wendell Bennett of the AMNH in [[:Category:Psyops in New York City|NYC]]. On [[:Category:04/25 psyops|April 25]], [[:Category:1933 psyops|1933]], transportation of the stele would commence, but not finish until July of the same year.<ref name=WikiBennett group="M">[https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monolito_Bennett Wiki - Bennett Monolith (es)]</ref>
The Bennett monolith was found in an underground temple at Tiwanaku in June [[:Category:1932 psyops|1932]] by Wendell Bennett of the AMNH in [[:Category:Psyops in New York City|NYC]]. On [[:Category:04/25 psyops|April 25]], [[:Category:1933 psyops|1933]], transportation of the stele would commence, but not finish until July of the same year.<ref name=WikiBennett group="M">[https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monolito_Bennett Wiki - Bennett Monolith (es)]</ref>
[[File:Bennet Traslado 1933.jpg|left|200px]]


;Characteristics
;Characteristics
Line 87: Line 87:


=== Geopolymers ===
=== Geopolymers ===
[[File:Bennet Traslado 1933.jpg|right|200px]]
Joseph Davidovits, his son Ralph and a Peruvian geologist Luis Huaman of the Catholic University of Arequipa, Peru, propose both lithologies of the sites of Puma Punku and Tiwanaku (sandstone and andesite) are geopolymers; artificially made cements of mixtures of sediment, cements as kaolinite and lime and authigenic albite in the andesites.<ref name=David2 group="GP">Davidovits et al., 2019, p.2</ref>
Joseph Davidovits, his son Ralph and a Peruvian geologist Luis Huaman of the Catholic University of Arequipa, Peru, propose both lithologies of the sites of Puma Punku and Tiwanaku (sandstone and andesite) are geopolymers; artificially made cements of mixtures of sediment, cements as kaolinite and lime and authigenic albite in the andesites.<ref name=David2 group="GP">Davidovits et al., 2019, p.2</ref>


He presents his findings in [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rf9qK9QTlq0 this video].<ref name=DavidYT group="GP">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rf9qK9QTlq0 Joseph Davidovits - Tiwanaku / Pumapunku Megaliths are Artificial Geopolymers - 1:01:42]</ref>
He presents his findings in [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rf9qK9QTlq0 this video].<ref name=DavidYT group="GP">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rf9qK9QTlq0 Joseph Davidovits - Tiwanaku / Pumapunku Megaliths are Artificial Geopolymers - 1:01:42]</ref>


 
==== Luis E. Huamán ====
All papers and conference presentations were done by Joseph Davidovits, his son Ralph and a guy named '''Luis E. Huamán'''. According to Researchgate, who got the information directly from the authors, this Luis E. Huamán works at the Luleå University of Technology in Luleå, Sweden.<ref name=LuisHuaman group="GP">[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Luis_Huaman9 Researchgate - Luis E. Huamán]</ref> But Google cannot find any "Luis E. Huamán" or any Huamán on their website. Who ''is'' this guy?


==== Other sites ====
==== Other sites ====
Line 113: Line 115:
# In part 1 of the video and the paper, thin sections of Tiwanaku sites are compared with sandstones in the region that should have provided the blocks for both sites. The conclusion they are "geopolymers" does not follow from the analysis, quite the contrary
# In part 1 of the video and the paper, thin sections of Tiwanaku sites are compared with sandstones in the region that should have provided the blocks for both sites. The conclusion they are "geopolymers" does not follow from the analysis, quite the contrary
# What Davidovits calls "aggretates" most probably is just hematite (Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>); the red stained cement pervasive throughout all samples.
# What Davidovits calls "aggretates" most probably is just hematite (Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>); the red stained cement pervasive throughout all samples.
# [ PPL and XPL photo of a hematite sandstone, Pont de Suert, northeastern Spain] - [[User:Gaia1|Gaia]]
# [http://www.publish.csiro.au/temp/SR18062_F4.gif Example 1 of hematite cement]
# [http://www.publish.csiro.au/temp/SR18062_F4.gif Example 1 of hematite cement]
# [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Serhii_Shevchenko/publication/270953395/figure/fig2/AS:651920138063875@1532441281716/Red-hematite-in-matrix-of-quartz-detail-of-texture-in-parallelstriated-jaspilite-Thin.png Example 2 of hematite cement]
# [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Serhii_Shevchenko/publication/270953395/figure/fig2/AS:651920138063875@1532441281716/Red-hematite-in-matrix-of-quartz-detail-of-texture-in-parallelstriated-jaspilite-Thin.png Example 2 of hematite cement]
# In the video, where no scale is included on the thin section images, Davidovits claims the Puma Punku samples are different because of grain '''size'''. However, what is important to point out is not the size, but the '''angularity''' (or the opposite; '''roundness''') of the quartz grains in the thin sections.
# In the video, where no scale is included on the thin section images, Davidovits claims the Puma Punku samples are different because of grain '''size'''. However, what is important to point out is not the size, but the '''angularity''' (or the opposite; '''roundness''') of the quartz grains in the thin sections.
# All samples contain subangular '''and''' subrounded grains, supporting the idea the Puma Punku samples come from a rock formed by natural sedimentation.
# All samples contain subangular '''and''' subrounded grains, supporting the idea the Puma Punku samples come from a rock formed by natural sedimentation.


;Part 2
;Part 2
# Part 2 of the video and paper deal with the grey andesites of the sites
# Part 2 of the video and paper deal with the grey andesites of the sites
# Talk about presence of "authigenic albite"
:# Albite melts at 1100-1120 °C<ref name=WikiAlbite group="M">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albite Wiki - Albite]</ref>
# "Transmitted polarized light" as referencing the thin section photos. That is the mechanism of any microscope used for thin section analysis. The options are '''plain polarized light (PPL)''' or '''cross polarized light (XPL)'''. This is the most basic knowledge of thin section analysis and any geologist knows this.
# [ PPL and XPL photo of an andesite, Cabo de Gata, southeastern Spain] - [[User:Gaia1|Gaia]]
# The presence of the organic matter sample is strange, but the main one was at surface. The others were analyzed only using diffraction, and might be washed inside fractures of the andesite or otherwise contaminations.
# <big>'''At the end of the video, Prof. Davidovits shows a "geopolymer sample just like Tiwanaku andesite". IF they are able to replicate the Tiwanaku andesites, why don't you present us with that evidence nailing it with thin section analysis photos??!!'''</big>


== See also ==
== See also ==
Line 139: Line 150:
=== Bibliography ===
=== Bibliography ===
* [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335699977_Tiahuanaco_monuments_Tiwanaku_Pumapunku_in_Bolivia_are_made_of_geopolymer_artificial_stones_created_1400_years_ago Davidovits, J.; Huaman, L. & Davidovits, R. - 2019 - Tiahuanaco monuments (Tiwanaku / Pumapunku) in Bolivia are made of geopolymer artificial stones created 1400 years ago - Conference 2018 - 5 pages]
* [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335699977_Tiahuanaco_monuments_Tiwanaku_Pumapunku_in_Bolivia_are_made_of_geopolymer_artificial_stones_created_1400_years_ago Davidovits, J.; Huaman, L. & Davidovits, R. - 2019 - Tiahuanaco monuments (Tiwanaku / Pumapunku) in Bolivia are made of geopolymer artificial stones created 1400 years ago - Conference 2018 - 5 pages]
* Albite melts at 1100-1120 °C<ref name=WikiAlbite group="M">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albite Wiki - Albite]</ref>


== External links ==
== External links ==

Latest revision as of 10:44, 25 October 2019

Tiwanaku & Puma Punku
Type 1 Archeology
Type 2 Historical narrative
Type 3 To be investigated
Years ~1550+, 1932, 1933
Dates April 25
Place Altiplano boliviano
Bolivia
Perps Wanka? Tiwanaku?
Inca? Modern?
Information
Podcasts FAC 611
Geopolymers [GP 1][GP 2][GP 3][GP 4]
Other research
Mainstream [M 1][M 2][M 3]


Tiwanaku and Puma Punku are famous archeological sites on the Altiplano of southwestern Bolivia. They are located southeast of the present-day water levels of Lake Titicaca, South America's largest lake.

These artefacts have been studied for years and it seems a mystery how the 90 degree angle clear cuts at these sites were made.

Description

Tiahuanaco, on Lake Titicaca in Bolivia, is a village known throughout the world for its mysterious Gate of the Sun, ruins of temples and its pyramid. Archaeologists consider that this site was built well before the Incas, around 600 to AD 700. The site of Pumapunku is right next door with the ruins of an enigmatic pyramidal temple built at the same time. Because it is not restored and developed for touristic activity, it is less known to the general public.

However, there are two architectural curiosities there: four giant red sandstone terraces weighing between 130 and 180 tons and small blocks of andesite, an extremely hard volcanic stone, whose complex shapes and millimetric precision are incompatible with the technology of the time. And for good reason, since archeology tells us that the Tiwanakans had only stone tools and no metal hard enough to carve the rock.

But they would have carved the gigantic blocks of red sandstone (these ancient blocks are the largest of all the American continent!) and they were able to carry these hundreds of tons on the site, then to adjust them precisely. Also, they would have been able to carve other smaller blocks made of volcanic andesite, an impossible-to-carve stone with an incredible finish! Archaeologists cannot give any rational explanations on how this was possible. Therefore, for the general public, the assumptions generally advanced to explain these wonders are the achievement by a lost ancient super civilization or by aliens' involvement.[GP 2]

Tiwanaku

"Tiwanaku (Spanish: Tiahuanaco or Tiahuanacu) is a Pre-Columbian archaeological site in western Bolivia near Lake Titicaca and one of the largest sites in South America. Surface remains currently cover around 4 square kilometers and include decorated ceramics, monumental structures, and megalithic blocks. The site's population probably peaked around AD 800 with 10,000 to 20,000 people.

The site was first recorded in written history in 1549 by Spanish conquistador Pedro Cieza de León while searching for the southern Inca capital of Qullasuyu.

Some have hypothesized that Tiwanaku's modern name is related to the Aymara term taypiqala, meaning "stone in the center", alluding to the belief that it lay at the center of the world. The name by which Tiwanaku was known to its inhabitants may have been lost as they had no written language. Heggarty and Beresford-Jones suggest that the Puquina language is most likely to have been the language of Tiwanaku."[M 1]

Puma Punku

"Pumapunku or Puma Punku (Aymara and Quechua puma "cougar, puma," punku "door"; Hispanicized Puma Puncu) is part of a large temple complex or monument group that is part of the Tiwanaku Site near Tiwanaku, in western Bolivia. It is believed to date to AD 536 and later.

Tiwanaku is significant in Inca traditions because it is believed to be the site where the world was created. In Aymara, Puma Punku's name means "The Door of the Puma". The Pumapunku complex consists of an unwalled western court, a central unwalled esplanade, a terraced platform mound that is faced with stone, and a walled eastern court.

At its peak, Pumapunku is thought to have been "unimaginably wondrous," adorned with polished metal plaques, brightly colored ceramic and fabric ornamentation, and visited by costumed citizens, elaborately dressed priests, and elites decked in exotic jewelry. Current understanding of this complex is limited due to its age, the lack of a written record, and the current deteriorated state of the structures due to treasure hunting, looting, stone mining for building stone and railroad ballast, and natural weathering."[M 2]

Bennett monolith

The Bennett monolith was found in an underground temple at Tiwanaku in June 1932 by Wendell Bennett of the AMNH in NYC. On April 25, 1933, transportation of the stele would commence, but not finish until July of the same year.[M 3]

Characteristics
  • height: 7.20 m
  • width: 1.20 m
  • weight: 20 t
  • material: andesite monolith (made from 1 piece)
  • shape: vertical monolith, anthropomorph resting on a pedestal
  • decoration: different carvings, holds two objects in his hands and wears a crown and belt around the waist

Analysis

Not many petrographical analyses have been performed on the stones used at Tiwanaku and Puma Punku. Davidovits et al. (2018) analyzed samples from the red sandstones and the grey andesites and propose that both are created with artificial geopolymers.


Geopolymers

Joseph Davidovits, his son Ralph and a Peruvian geologist Luis Huaman of the Catholic University of Arequipa, Peru, propose both lithologies of the sites of Puma Punku and Tiwanaku (sandstone and andesite) are geopolymers; artificially made cements of mixtures of sediment, cements as kaolinite and lime and authigenic albite in the andesites.[GP 3]

He presents his findings in this video.[GP 1]

Luis E. Huamán

All papers and conference presentations were done by Joseph Davidovits, his son Ralph and a guy named Luis E. Huamán. According to Researchgate, who got the information directly from the authors, this Luis E. Huamán works at the Luleå University of Technology in Luleå, Sweden.[GP 5] But Google cannot find any "Luis E. Huamán" or any Huamán on their website. Who is this guy?

Other sites

This website lists several sites in the world they propose are built using geopolymers:[GP 4]

Gaia

Part 1
  1. In part 1 of the video and the paper, thin sections of Tiwanaku sites are compared with sandstones in the region that should have provided the blocks for both sites. The conclusion they are "geopolymers" does not follow from the analysis, quite the contrary
  2. What Davidovits calls "aggretates" most probably is just hematite (Fe2O3); the red stained cement pervasive throughout all samples.
  3. [ PPL and XPL photo of a hematite sandstone, Pont de Suert, northeastern Spain] - Gaia
  4. Example 1 of hematite cement
  5. Example 2 of hematite cement
  6. In the video, where no scale is included on the thin section images, Davidovits claims the Puma Punku samples are different because of grain size. However, what is important to point out is not the size, but the angularity (or the opposite; roundness) of the quartz grains in the thin sections.
  7. All samples contain subangular and subrounded grains, supporting the idea the Puma Punku samples come from a rock formed by natural sedimentation.


Part 2
  1. Part 2 of the video and paper deal with the grey andesites of the sites
  2. Talk about presence of "authigenic albite"
  1. Albite melts at 1100-1120 °C[M 4]
  1. "Transmitted polarized light" as referencing the thin section photos. That is the mechanism of any microscope used for thin section analysis. The options are plain polarized light (PPL) or cross polarized light (XPL). This is the most basic knowledge of thin section analysis and any geologist knows this.
  2. [ PPL and XPL photo of an andesite, Cabo de Gata, southeastern Spain] - Gaia
  3. The presence of the organic matter sample is strange, but the main one was at surface. The others were analyzed only using diffraction, and might be washed inside fractures of the andesite or otherwise contaminations.
  4. At the end of the video, Prof. Davidovits shows a "geopolymer sample just like Tiwanaku andesite". IF they are able to replicate the Tiwanaku andesites, why don't you present us with that evidence nailing it with thin section analysis photos??!!


See also

References

Mainstream

Geopolymers

Other analysis


Bibliography

External links

Articles

Davidovits
Other

Videos

Websites