User:Gaia1/Chembox: Difference between revisions

Ruthenium, "named after Russia"??????? -> Kievan Rus Family -> Russia, Ruth -> Ruthenium =? ((((Rus = Ruth))) ??
- Wiki - Ruthenium^{[W 19]}
- Thoisoi2 - Ruthenium^{[T 19]}

45 - Rh - Rhodium

Rhodium
- Wiki - Rhodium^{[W 20]}
- Thoisoi2 - Rhodium^{[T 20]}

46 - Pd - Palladium

Palladium
- Wiki - Palladium^{[W 21]}
- Thoisoi2 - Palladium^{[T 21]}

49 - In - Indium

Indium
- Wiki - Indium^{[W 22]}
- Thoisoi2 - Indium^{[T 22]}

72 - Hf - Hafnium

Hafnium

73 - Ta - Tantalum

See 73 - Ta - Tantalum

74 - W - Tungsten

Wolframium - Wolfram, origin Tungsten?
- Wiki - Tungsten^{[W 24]}
- Thoisoi2 - Tungsten^{[T 24]}

75 - Re - Rhenium

75 - Rhenium^{[W 25]}

2008 - Grachev & Borisovskiy - First finding of natural rhenium in the transitional clay layer at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary in the Gams section (Eastern Alps, Austria)^[1]

"Natural rhenium in the crust was found for the first time in wolframites of a rare earth deposit in the Trans-Baikal region [Rafal’son and Sorokin, 1976]. No other elements, including sulfur, were discovered. Afterward,natural rhenium particles of different morphologies were found in samples of lunar ground: irregularly shaped dense particles from """the Mare Fecunditatis and spheroidal particles from the Mare Crisium""". Their size is less than 10 µm and their exhalation origin has been supposed [Bogatikov et al., 2004; Mokhov et al., 2007].Natural rhenium of extraterrestrial objects was found in nickel-iron and silicates of the Allende meteorite[Goresey et al., 1977]. This exhausts the available information on ﬁndings of natural rhenium."

And then they present a PATHETIC "image" of Rhenium. Without scale, so non-scientific/academic whatsoever, with the caption:

"Image of natural rhenium particle in secondary electrons( × 3000) [no idea what this means?]"

76 - Os - Osmium

Osmium
- Wiki - Osmium^{[W 26]}
- Thoisoi2 - Osmium^{[T 26]}

77 - Ir - Iridium

Iridium
- Wiki - Iridium^{[W 27]}
- Thoisoi2 - Iridium^{[T 27]}

81 - Tl - Thallium

Thallium, toxic metal
- Wiki - Thallium^{[W 28]}
- Thoisoi2 - Thallium^{[T 28]}

83 - Bi - Bismuth

Bismuth
- Wiki - Bismuth^{[W 29]}
- Thoisoi2 - Bismuth^{[T 29]}

84 - Po - Polonium

Polonium
- Wiki - Polonium^{[W 30]}

89 - Ac - Actinium

Actinium
- Wiki - Actinium^{[W 31]}

90 - Th - Thorium

Thorium, highly radioactive, pretty useless
- Wiki - Thorium^{[W 32]}
- Thoisoi2 - Thorium^{[T 30]}

91 - Pa - Proactinium

Proactinium
- Wiki - Proactinium^{[W 33]}

92 - U - Uranium

Uranium
- Wiki - Uranium^{[W 34]}
- Thoisoi2 - Uranium^{[T 31]}

Natural resources

Europe

Ytterby

Located on Gotland, Sweden; most prolific element location on Earth
Type locality of:

39 - Y - Yttrium^{[T 10]}
64 - Gd - Gadolinium^{[T 10]}
65 - Tb - Teribium^{[T 10]}
67 - Ho - Holmium^{[T 10]}
68 - Er - Erbium^{[T 10]}
70 - Yb - Ytterbium^{[T 10]}

Africa

Mali

See also Psyops in Mali

Adiounedj, Kidal Region, Mali^{[M 1]}

REE-bearing carbonatite, hosted in fenite, rodbergite and syenite.
- CaY(CO₃)₂F - Synchysite-(Y)^{[M 2]}
- Source of yttrium^{[W 2]}

Anezrouf, Kidal Region, Mali^{[M 3]}

REE-bearing carbonatite, hosted in nepheline syenite, ijolite, phonolite, pyroxenite, and fenite.
- NaCa₂(Zr,Nb)(Si₂O₇)(O,OH,F)₂ - Wöhlerite^{[M 4]}
- Source of zirconium and niobium

Burkina Faso

See also FAC 610 and Psyops in Burkina Faso

Burkina Faso^{[M 5]}

- Inata mine, Soum Province, Sahel Region^{[M 6]}
  - gold

- - copper
    - CuFeS2 - Chalcopyrite^{[M 7]}
    - Cu5FeS4 - Bornite^{[M 8]}
    - Cu6[Cu4(X)2]As4S12S , X= Fe2+ or Zn - Tennantite^{[M 9]}

"Industrial Uses: Copper ore"

- - cobalt
    - Co2+Co3+2S4 - Linnaeite^{[M 10]}

- - lead
    - PbS - Galena^{[M 11]}

- - nickel
    - (Fe,Ni)9S8 - Mackinawite^{[M 12]}

- - zinc
    - ZnS - Sphalerite^{[M 13]}

"Sphalerite, also known as blende or zinc blende, is the major ore of zinc. When pure (with little or no iron) it forms clear crystals with colours ranging from pale yellow (known as Cleiophane) to orange and red shades (known as Ruby Blende), but as iron content increases it forms dark, opaque metallic crystals (known as Marmatite).
Very rare green crystals owe their colour to trace amounts of Co (Henn & Hofmann, 1985; Rager et al., 1996).
Sphalerite may also contain considerable Mn, grading into alabandite. Samples containing up to 0.36 apfu (atoms per formula unit) Mn (21.4 wt.% MnO) have been described by Hurai & Huraiová (2011)."

- Kalsaka Mine, Yatenga Province, Nord Region^{[M 14]}
  - gold

"An active gold mine operated by Cluff Gold in the Boromo greenstone belt of Burkina Faso. Gold mineralization is hosted in narrow shear zones that are orientated parallel to the regional structural grain and contain thick quartz veins whose brecciated margins host the highest grades (Cluff Gold)."

- Solna, Yagha Province, Sahel Region^{[M 15]}
  - gold

"A fairly big artisanal gold digging site which is intermittently worked for gold since the late 1980s. At least two subvertical auriferous quartz veins trending N35 to N50 are hosted by Birimian granitoids."

- Bouroum-Yalogo greenstone belt, Yalgo Department, Namentenga Province, Centre-Nord Region^{[M 16]}
  - gold

- - lead
    - galena^{[M 11]}

- - zinc
    - sphalerite^{[M 13]}

- - copper
    - Cu2S - Chalcocite^{[M 17]}
    - chalcopyrite^{[M 7]}

"African Plate Tectonic Plate West Africa UN Subregion [???]"

- Taparko Mine, Bouroum-Yalogo greenstone belt, Yalgo Department, Namentenga Province, Centre-Nord Region^{[M 18]}
  - gold

"A gold mine opened in 2005."

- Essakane Mine, Oudalan Province, Sahel Region^{[M 19]}
  - gold

"Gold mine.
Straddles the border between the provinces Oudalan and Séno.
Located 42 km east of the nearest large town and the provincial capital of Oudalan, Gorom-Gorom."

- Tambao Mine, Oudalan Province, Sahel Region^{[M 20]}

"A lateritic manganese ore deposit, among the cryptomelane-richest in the world.
19 Mt at 52% Mn.
Production of the open-pit mine started in 1994 but was suspended due to high transport costs."

- - manganese
    - K(Mn4+7Mn3+)O16 - Cryptomelane^{[M 21]}

"Visually indistinguishable from hollandite and several other manganese oxide minerals."

- - - Ba(Mn4+6Mn3+2)O16 - Hollandite^{[M 22]}

"Named in honor of Sir Thomas Henry Holland (22 November 1868, Helston, Cornwall, England – 15 May 1947, Surbiton, London), geologist and educational administrator. He was Director of the Geological Survey of India. He also held administrative positions at the Imperial College London and the University of Edinburgh."

- - - Mn2+Mn3+2O4 - Hausmannite^{[M 23]}
    - CaMn2+(CO3)2 - Kutnohorite^{[M 24]}
    - (Al,Li)MnO2(OH)2 - Lithiophorite^{[M 25]}

"Named for LITHIum and the Greek phoros, for 'to bear'."

- - - [ ]^{[M 26]}
    - [1]^{[M 27]}
    - [2]^{[M 28]}
    - [ ]^{[M 29]}
    - [ ]^{[M 30]}
    - [ ]^{[M 31]}
    - [ ]^{[M 32]}
    - [ ]^{[M 33]}

- Kiaka deposit, Centre-Sud Region^{[M 34]}
  - gold

"The Kiaka mine is one of the largest gold mines in Burkina Faso. The mine is located in the center of the country in Zoundwéogo Province. The mine has estimated reserves of 5 million oz of gold.[Wikipedia]"

Geology of the world-class Kiaka polyphase gold deposit, West African Craton, Burkina Faso^[2]

"The Kiaka gold deposit is a major resource in West Africa, with measured and indicated resources of 124 Mt at 1.09 g/t Au (3.9 Moz) and inferred resources of 27 Mt at 0.83 g/t Au (0.8 Moz). Located within the Manga-Fada N'Gourma greenstone and plutonic belt in south of the Burkina Faso, the deposit is hosted by a metamorphosed volcano-sedimentary sequence of lithic-, quartz-biotite metagreywackes, aluminosilicate-bearing metapelites and garnet-orthopyroxene-bearing schists and volcanic units. Structural observations indicate four local deformation events: DK1, DK2 and DK3 and DK4.
Respectively, these events are linked to regional D1 E-W compression, D2 NW-SE compression and lastly, D3- and D4-related reactivations along D2 shear zones. The S2 foliation and D2 shear zones are developed during lower amphibolite facies metamorphism whereas retrogression occurs during D3-4 reactivations along these shear zones at upper greenschist facies conditions.
The emplacement of a dioritic intrusion, dated at 2140 ± 7 Ma (Concordia U-Pb age on magmatic zircon), is interpreted to be contemporaneous with sinistral displacement along mineralized, NE-trending D2 shear zones. The intersection of these shears zones and the Markoye shear zone (dextral-reverse D1 and sinistral-reverse D2 reactivations) controlled the final geometry of the host rocks and the ore zones. Four subparallel elongated ore bodies are mainly hosted within D2-related shear zones and some are developed in an apparent axial plane of a F2 isoclinal fold.
Detailed petrographic studies have identified two main types of hydrothermal alteration associated with two stages of gold mineralization. The stage (1) corresponds to replacement zones with biotite and clinozoisite during the D2 event associated with pyrrhotite ± pyrite, chalcopyrite (disseminated gold stage). The stage (2) occurs during reactivations of the D2-related auriferous shear zones (vein stage) and is characterized by diopside ± actinolite D3 veins and veinlets and D4 pervasive muscovite, ± chlorite, ± calcite in quartz-carbonate vein selvages and associated with pyrrhotiteþarsenopyrite±electrum, ±native gold and tellurobismuthite.
The latter stage (2) could be divided into two sub-stages based on mineralogy and crosscutting relationship. A weighted average Re-Os pyrrhotite age at 2157 ± 24 Ma (Re-Os age based on 3 replicates) constraints the timing of the disseminated gold stage and represents the first absolute age for gold mineralization in the Manga Fada N'Gourma area. The timing of gold at Kiaka may be also coeval with one of the two lode gold event at ~ ca. 2.16e2.15 Ga and occurred concomitant with tectono-thermal activity during Eo-Eburnean orogeny."

- - - [ ]^{[M 35]}
    - [ ]^{[M 36]}

Tsumeb, Namibia

See also President Camacho Part 00
Most type minerals on Earth; 72

- - - [ ]^{[M 37]}
    - [ ]^{[M 38]}

TO BE INVESTIGATED

Below Uranium

61 - Pm - Promethium

Promethium^{[W 35]}

"Promethium is a chemical element with the symbol Pm and atomic number 61. All of its isotopes are radioactive; it is extremely rare, with only about 500–600 grams naturally occurring in Earth's crust at any given time. Promethium is one of only two radioactive elements that are followed in the periodic table by elements with stable forms, the other being technetium. Chemically, promethium is a lanthanide. Promethium shows only one stable oxidation state of +3.
In 1902 Bohuslav Brauner suggested that there was a then-unknown element with properties intermediate between those of the known elements neodymium (60) and samarium (62); this was confirmed in 1914 by Henry Moseley, who, having measured the atomic numbers of all the elements then known, found that atomic number 61 was missing. In 1926, two groups (one Italian and one American) claimed to have isolated a sample of element 61; both "discoveries" were soon proven to be false. In 1938, during a nuclear experiment conducted at Ohio State University, a few radioactive nuclides were produced that certainly were not radioisotopes of neodymium or samarium, but there was a lack of chemical proof that element 61 was produced, and the discovery was not generally recognized. Promethium was first produced and characterized at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in 1945 by the separation and analysis of the fission products of uranium fuel irradiated in a graphite reactor. The discoverers proposed the name "prometheum" (the spelling was subsequently changed), derived from Prometheus, the Titan in Greek mythology who stole fire from Mount Olympus and brought it down to humans, to symbolize "both the daring and the possible misuse of mankind's intellect". However, a sample of the metal was made only in 1963.
There are two possible sources for natural promethium: rare decays of natural europium-151 (producing promethium-147) and uranium (various isotopes). Practical applications exist only for chemical compounds of promethium-147, which are used in luminous paint, atomic batteries and thickness-measurement devices, even though promethium-145 is the most stable promethium isotope. Because natural promethium is exceedingly scarce, it is typically synthesized by bombarding uranium-235 (enriched uranium) with thermal neutrons to produce promethium-147 as a fission product."

"In 1934, Willard Libby reported that he had found weak beta activity in pure neodymium, which was attributed to a half-life over 1012 years. Almost 20 years later, it was claimed that the element occurs in natural neodymium in equilibrium in quantities below 10−20 grams of promethium per one gram of neodymium. However, these observations were disproved by newer investigations, because for all seven naturally occurring neodymium isotopes, any single beta decays (which can produce promethium isotopes) are forbidden by energy conservation. In particular, careful measurements of atomic masses show that the mass difference 150Nd-150Pm is negative (−87 keV), which absolutely prevents the single beta decay of 150Nd to 150Pm. In 1965 Olavi Erämetsä separated out traces of 145Pm from a rare earth concentrate purified from apatite, resulting in an upper limit of 10^−21 for the abundance of promethium in nature; this may have been produced by the natural nuclear fission [??] of uranium, or by cosmic ray spallation of 146Nd."

81 - At - Astatine

Astatine^{[W 36]}

"Astatine is a radioactive chemical element with the symbol At and atomic number 85. It is the rarest naturally occurring element in the Earth's crust, occurring only as the decay product of various heavier elements. All of astatine's isotopes are short-lived; the most stable is astatine-210, with a half-life of 8.1 hours. A sample of the pure element has never been assembled, because any macroscopic specimen would be immediately vaporized by the heat of its own radioactivity.
The bulk properties of astatine are not known with any certainty. Many of them have been estimated based on the element's position on the periodic table as a heavier analog of iodine, and a member of the halogens (the group of elements including fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine). Astatine is likely to have a dark or lustrous appearance and may be a semiconductor or possibly a metal; it probably has a higher melting point than that of iodine. Chemically, several anionic species of astatine are known and most of its compounds resemble those of iodine. It also shows some metallic behavior, including being able to form a stable monatomic cation in aqueous solution (unlike the lighter halogens).
The first synthesis of the element was in 1940 by Dale R. Corson, Kenneth Ross MacKenzie, and Emilio G. Segrè at the University of California, Berkeley, who named it from the Greek astatos (ἄστατος), meaning "unstable". Four isotopes of astatine were subsequently found to be naturally occurring, although much less than one gram is present at any given time in the Earth's crust. Neither the most stable isotope astatine-210, nor the medically useful astatine-211, occur naturally; they can only be produced synthetically, usually by bombarding bismuth-209 with alpha particles."

"Appearance: unknown, probably metallic"

"Astatine is an extremely radioactive element; all its isotopes have short half-lives of 8.1 hours or less, decaying into other astatine isotopes, bismuth, polonium or radon. Most of its isotopes are very unstable with half-lives of one second or less. Of the first 101 elements in the periodic table, only francium is less stable, and all the astatine isotopes more stable than francium are in any case synthetic and do not occur in nature. The bulk properties of astatine are not known with any certainty. Research is limited by its short half-life, which prevents the creation of weighable quantities. A visible piece of astatine would immediately vaporize itself because of the heat generated by its intense radioactivity. It remains to be seen if, with sufficient cooling, a macroscopic quantity of astatine could be deposited as a thin film. Astatine is usually classified as either a nonmetal or a metalloid; metal formation has also been predicted."

"In 1940, the Swiss chemist Walter Minder announced the discovery of element 85 as the beta decay product of radium A (polonium-218), choosing the name "helvetium" (from Helvetia, the Latin name of Switzerland). Karlik and Bernert were unsuccessful in reproducing his experiments, and subsequently attributed Minder's results to contamination of his radon stream (radon-222 is the parent isotope of polonium-218). In 1942, Minder, in collaboration with the English scientist Alice Leigh-Smith, announced the discovery of another isotope of element 85, presumed to be the product of thorium A (polonium-216) beta decay. They named this substance "anglo-helvetium", but Karlik and Bernert were again unable to reproduce these results.
Later in 1940, Dale R. Corson, Kenneth Ross MacKenzie, and Emilio Segrè isolated the element at the University of California, Berkeley. Instead of searching for the element in nature, the scientists created it by bombarding bismuth-209 with alpha particles in a cyclotron (particle accelerator) to produce, after emission of two neutrons, astatine-211. The discoverers, however, did not immediately suggest a name for the element. The reason for this was that at the time, an element created synthetically in "invisible quantities" that had not yet discovered in nature was not seen as a completely valid one; in addition, chemists were reluctant to recognize radioactive isotopes as legitimately as stable ones. In 1943, astatine was found as a product of two naturally occurring decay chains by Berta Karlik and Traude Bernert, first in the so-called uranium series, and then in the actinium series.
(Since then, astatine was also found in a third decay chain, the neptunium series.) Friedrich Paneth in 1946 called to finally recognize synthetic elements, quoting, among other reasons, recent confirmation of their natural occurrence, and proposed that the discoverers of the newly discovered unnamed elements name these elements. In early 1947, Nature published the discoverers' suggestions; a letter from Corson, MacKenzie, and Segrè suggested the name "astatine" coming from the Greek astatos (αστατος) meaning "unstable", because of its propensity for radioactive decay, with the ending "-ine", found in the names of the four previously discovered halogens. The name was also chosen to continue the tradition of the four stable halogens, where the name referred to a property of the element.

Corson and his colleagues classified astatine as a metal on the basis of its analytical chemistry. Subsequent investigators reported iodine-like, cationic, or amphoteric behavior. In a 2003 retrospective, Corson wrote that "some of the properties [of astatine] are similar to iodine … it also exhibits metallic properties, more like its metallic neighbors Po and Bi."

"Astatine was first produced by bombarding bismuth-209 with energetic alpha particles, and this is still the major route used to create the relatively long-lived isotopes astatine-209 through astatine-211. Astatine is only produced in minuscule quantities, with modern techniques allowing production runs of up to 6.6 giga becquerels (about 86 nanograms or 2.47 × 10^14 atoms). Synthesis of greater quantities of astatine using this method is constrained by the limited availability of suitable cyclotrons and the prospect of melting the target.
Solvent radiolysis due to the cumulative effect of astatine decay is a related problem. With cryogenic technology, microgram quantities of astatine might be able to be generated via proton irradiation of thorium or uranium to yield radon-211, in turn decaying to astatine-211. Contamination with astatine-210 is expected to be a drawback of this method.
The most important isotope is astatine-211, the only one in commercial use. To produce the bismuth target, the metal is sputtered onto a gold, copper, or aluminium surface at 50 to 100 milligrams per square centimeter. Bismuth oxide can be used instead; this is forcibly fused with a copper plate. The target is kept under a chemically neutral nitrogen atmosphere, and is cooled with water to prevent premature astatine vaporization.
In a particle accelerator, such as a cyclotron, alpha particles are collided with the bismuth. Even though only one bismuth isotope is used (bismuth-209), the reaction may occur in three possible ways, producing astatine-209, astatine-210, or astatine-211. In order to eliminate undesired nuclides, the maximum energy of the particle accelerator is set to a value (optimally 29.17 MeV) above that for the reaction producing astatine-211 (to produce the desired isotope) and below the one producing astatine-210 (to avoid producing other astatine isotopes)."

" "

43 - Tc - Technetium

Technetium
- Wiki - Technetium
- Wiki - Henry Moseley

87 - Fr - Francium

Francium
- Wiki - Francium
- Wiki - Marguerite Perey

Artificial elements

93 - Np - Neptunium

Neptunium
Wiki - Neptunium^{[W 37]}
- Wiki - Frédéric Joliot-Curie

108 - Hs - Hassium

Hassium
- Wiki - Hassium^{[W 38]}
- Thoisoi2 - Hassium^{[T 32]}

112 - Cn - Copernicium

Copernicium
- Wiki - Copernicium^{[W 39]}
- Thoisoi2 - Copernicium^{[T 33]}

References

Research

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Rare Earth Elements: China's Vibranium? - 10:04

Thoisoi2

Wikipedia

Mindat

↑ Mindat - Adiounedj, Kidal Region, Mali
↑ Mindat - Synchysite-(Y)
↑ Mindat - Anezrouf, Kidal Region, Mali
↑ Mindat - Wöhlerite
↑ Mindat - Burkina Faso
↑ Mindat - Inata mine, Soum Province, Sahel Region
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 Mindat - Chalcopyrite
↑ Mindat - Bornite
↑ Mindat - Tennantite
↑ Mindat - Linnaeite
↑ ^11.0 ^11.1 Mindat - Galena
↑ Mindat - Mackinawite
↑ ^13.0 ^13.1 Mindat - Sphalerite
↑ Mindat - Kalsaka Mine, Yatenga Province, Nord Region
↑ Mindat - Solna, Yagha Province, Sahel Region
↑ Mindat - Bouroum-Yalogo greenstone belt, Yalgo Department, Namentenga Province, Centre-Nord Region
↑ Mindat - Chalcocite
↑ Mindat - Taparko Mine, Bouroum-Yalogo greenstone belt, Yalgo Department, Namentenga Province, Centre-Nord Region
↑ Mindat - Essakane Mine, Oudalan Province, Sahel Region
↑ Mindat - Tambao Mine, Oudalan Province, Sahel Region
↑ Mindat - Cryptomelane
↑ Mindat - Hollandite
↑ Mindat - Hausmannite
↑ Mindat - Kutnohorite
↑ Mindat - Lithiophorite
↑ [ Mindat - ]
↑ Mindat -
↑ [ Mindat - ]
↑ [ Mindat - ]
↑ [ Mindat - ]
↑ [ Mindat - ]
↑ [ Mindat - ]
↑ [ Mindat - ]
↑ Mindat - Kiaka deposit, Centre-Sud Region
↑ [ Mindat - ]
↑ [ Mindat - ]
↑ [ Mindat - ]
↑ [ Mindat - ]

Other

External links

Wikipedia

Mindat

Geni

Radiogenic heat production

[REE-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Rare Earth Elements: China's Vibranium? - 10:04

[TSNb-2] Thoisoi2 - Niobium

[TSTa-3] Thoisoi2 - Tantalum

[TSSc-5] Thoisoi2 - Scandium

[TSLa-8] Thoisoi2 - Lanthanum

[TSCe-10] Thoisoi2 - Cerium

[TSPr-12] Thoisoi2 - Praseodymium

[TSNd-14] Thoisoi2 - Neodymium

[TSSm-16] Thoisoi2 - Samarium

[TSEu-18] Thoisoi2 - Europium

[TSYb-20] 10.00 ^10.01 ^10.02 ^10.03 ^10.04 ^10.05 ^10.06 ^10.07 ^10.08 ^10.09 ^10.10 ^10.11 ^10.12 Thoisoi2 - Ytterbium

[TSGd-21] Thoisoi2 - Gadolinium

[TSDy-24] Thoisoi2 - Dysprosium

[TSHo-26] Thoisoi2 - Holmium

[TSEr-28] Thoisoi2 - Erbium

[TSTm-30] Thoisoi2 - Thulium

[TSLu-33] Thoisoi2 - Lutetium

[TSRb-35] Thoisoi2 - Rubidium

[TSZr-37] Thoisoi2 - Zirconium

[TSRu-39] Thoisoi2 - Ruthenium

[TSRo-41] Thoisoi2 - Rhodium

[TSPd-43] Thoisoi2 - Palladium

[TSIn-45] Thoisoi2 - Indium

[TSHf-47] Thoisoi2 - Hafnium

[TSW-49] Thoisoi2 - Tungsten

[TSRe-51] Thoisoi2 - Rhenium

[TSOs-54] Thoisoi2 - Osmium

[TSIr-56] Thoisoi2 - Iridium

[TSTl-58] Thoisoi2 - Thallium

[TSBt-60] Thoisoi2 - Bismuth

[TSTh-64] Thoisoi2 - Thorium

[TSU-67] Thoisoi2 - Uranium

[TSHs-111] Thoisoi2 - Hassium

[TSCn-113] Thoisoi2 - Copernicium

[WikiSc-4] Wiki - Scandium

[WikiY-6] 2.0 ^2.1 Wiki - Yttrium

[WikiLa-7] Wiki - Lanthanum

[WikiCe-9] Wiki - Cerium

[WikiPr-11] Wiki - Praseodymium

[WikiNd-13] Wiki - Neodymium

[WikiSm-15] Wiki - Samarium

[WikiEu-17] Wiki - Europium

[WikiGd-19] Wiki - Gadolinium

[WikiTb-22] Wiki - Terbium

[WikiDy-23] Wiki - Dysprosium

[WikiHo-25] Wiki - Holmium

[WikiEr-27] Wiki - Erbium

[WikiTm-29] Wiki - Thulium

[WikiYb-31] Wiki - Ytterbium

[WikiLu-32] Wiki - Lutetium

[WikiRb-34] Wiki - Rubidium

[WikiZr-36] Wiki - Zirconium

[WikiRu-38] Wiki - Ruthenium

[WikiRh-40] Wiki - Rhodium

[WikiPd-42] Wiki - Palladium

[WikiIn-44] Wiki - Indium

[WikiHf-46] Wiki - Hafnium

[WikiW-48] Wiki - Tungsten

[WikiRe-50] Wiki - Rhenium

[WikiOs-53] Wiki - Osmium

[WikiIr-55] Wiki - Iridium

[WikiTl-57] Wiki - Thallium

[WikiBi-59] Wiki - Bismuth

[WikiPo-61] Wiki - Polonium

[WikiAc-62] Wiki - Actinium

[WikiTh-63] Wiki - Thorium

[WikiPa-65] Wiki - Proactinium

[WikiU-66] Wiki - Uranium

[WikiPm-107] Wiki - Promethium

[WikiAt-108] Wiki - Astatine

[WikiNp-109] Wiki - Neptunium

[WikiHs-110] Wiki - Hassium

[WikiCn-112] Wiki - Copernicium

[MindatMali1-68] Mindat - Adiounedj, Kidal Region, Mali

[MindatSynchysite-69] Mindat - Synchysite-(Y)

[MindatMali2-70] Mindat - Anezrouf, Kidal Region, Mali

[MindatWohlerite-71] Mindat - Wöhlerite

[MindatBFaso-72] Mindat - Burkina Faso

[MindatBFaso1-73] Mindat - Inata mine, Soum Province, Sahel Region

[MindatChalcopyrite-74] 7.0 ^7.1 Mindat - Chalcopyrite

[MindatBornite-75] Mindat - Bornite

[MindatTennantite-76] Mindat - Tennantite

[MindatLinnaeite-77] Mindat - Linnaeite

[MindatGalena-78] 11.0 ^11.1 Mindat - Galena

[MindatMackinawite-79] Mindat - Mackinawite

[MindatSphalerite-80] 13.0 ^13.1 Mindat - Sphalerite

[MindatBFaso2-81] Mindat - Kalsaka Mine, Yatenga Province, Nord Region

[MindatBFaso3-82] Mindat - Solna, Yagha Province, Sahel Region

[MindatBFaso4-83] Mindat - Bouroum-Yalogo greenstone belt, Yalgo Department, Namentenga Province, Centre-Nord Region

[MindatChalcocite-84] Mindat - Chalcocite

[MindatBFaso5-85] Mindat - Taparko Mine, Bouroum-Yalogo greenstone belt, Yalgo Department, Namentenga Province, Centre-Nord Region

[MindatBFaso6-86] Mindat - Essakane Mine, Oudalan Province, Sahel Region

[MindatBFaso7-87] Mindat - Tambao Mine, Oudalan Province, Sahel Region

[MindatCryptomelane-88] Mindat - Cryptomelane

[MindatHollandite-89] Mindat - Hollandite

[MindatHausmannite-90] Mindat - Hausmannite

[MindatKutnohorite-91] Mindat - Kutnohorite

[MindatLithiophorite-92] Mindat - Lithiophorite

[Mindat7-93] [ Mindat - ]

[Mindat8-94] Mindat -

[Mindat9-95] [ Mindat - ]

[Mindat10-96] [ Mindat - ]

[Mindat11-97] [ Mindat - ]

[Mindat12-98] [ Mindat - ]

[Mindat13-99] [ Mindat - ]

[Mindat14-100] [ Mindat - ]

[MindatBFaso8-101] Mindat - Kiaka deposit, Centre-Sud Region

[Mindat3-103] [ Mindat - ]

[Mindat4-104] [ Mindat - ]

[Mindat1-105] [ Mindat - ]

[Mindat2-106] [ Mindat - ]

[ResRhenium-52] 2008 - Grachev & Borisovskiy - First finding of natural rhenium in the transitional clay layer at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary in the Gams section (Eastern Alps, Austria)

[ResKiaka-102] 2017 - Fontaine et al. - Geology of the world-class Kiaka polyphase gold deposit, West African Craton, Burkina Faso

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+This page contains naturally occurring elements and questionable man-made, non-observed or otherwise suspicious ones.
+== Overview ==
+;Naturally occurring elements
+''See also [[:Category:War For Resources|War For Resources]]''<br>
-== Naturally occurring elements ==
+=== Rare Earth Elements - REE ===
-* [
+* Rare Earth Elements<ref name=REE group="R">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ri7fFbrPPjw Rare Earth Elements: China's Vibranium? - 10:04]</ref>
+** "Officially" [[User:Gaia1/Chembox#Lanthanides|Lanthanides]] + [[User:Gaia1/Chembox#21 - Sc - Scandium|Scandium]] and [[User:Gaia1/Chembox#39 - Y - Yttrium|Yttrium]]
+<!--{| class="wikitable sortable"
+! # !! Abb !! Name !! Origin !! Minerals
+|-
+| 21 || align=center | Sc || [[User:Gaia1/Chembox#21 - Sc - Scandium|Scandium]] || Sweden ||
+|-
+| 21 || align=center | Sc || [[User:Gaia1/Chembox#21 - Sc - Scandium|Scandium]] || Sweden ||
+|-
+| 21 || align=center | Sc || [[User:Gaia1/Chembox#21 - Sc - Scandium|Scandium]] || Sweden ||
+|-
+| 21 || align=center | Sc || [[User:Gaia1/Chembox#21 - Sc - Scandium|Scandium]] || Sweden ||
+|-
+| 21 || align=center | Sc || [[User:Gaia1/Chembox#21 - Sc - Scandium|Scandium]] || Sweden ||
+|-
+| 21 || align=center | Sc || [[User:Gaia1/Chembox#21 - Sc - Scandium|Scandium]] || Sweden ||
+|-
+| 21 || align=center | Sc || [[User:Gaia1/Chembox#21 - Sc - Scandium|Scandium]] || Sweden ||
+|-
+| 21 || align=center | Sc || [[User:Gaia1/Chembox#21 - Sc - Scandium|Scandium]] || Sweden ||
+|-
+| 21 || align=center | Sc || [[User:Gaia1/Chembox#21 - Sc - Scandium|Scandium]] || Sweden ||
+|-
+| 21 || align=center | Sc || [[User:Gaia1/Chembox#21 - Sc - Scandium|Scandium]] || Sweden ||
+|-
+| 21 || align=center | Sc || [[User:Gaia1/Chembox#21 - Sc - Scandium|Scandium]] || Sweden ||
+|-
+| 21 || align=center | Sc || [[User:Gaia1/Chembox#21 - Sc - Scandium|Scandium]] || Sweden ||
+|-
+|}-->
+* In practice
+** 90% of REE production is from China<ref name=REE group="R"/>
-* [
+=== Coltan ===
+''See also [[Locolombia crash#Coltan|FAC 615]]''
+* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmenium Wiki - Ilmenium]
+==== 41 - Nb - Niobium ====
+* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobium Wiki - Niobium]
+** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K90HPbVZOQ4 Thoisoi2 - Niobium]<ref name=TSNb group="T">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K90HPbVZOQ4 Thoisoi2 - Niobium]</ref>
+==== 73 - Ta - Tantalum ====
+* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantalum Wiki - Tantalum]
+** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7tsiT_zdFew Thoisoi2 - Tantalum]<ref name=TSTa group="T">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7tsiT_zdFew Thoisoi2 - Tantalum]</ref>
+=== Group 3 elements ===
+==== 21 - Sc - Scandium ====
+* Scandium
+** [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandium Wiki - Scandium]<ref name=WikiSc group="W">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandium Wiki - Scandium]</ref>
+** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dh9QcKKObQE Thoisoi2 - Scandium]<ref name=TSSc group="T">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dh9QcKKObQE Thoisoi2 - Scandium]</ref>
+==== 39 - Y - Yttrium ====
+* Yttrium
+** [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yttrium Wiki - Yttrium]<ref name=WikiY group="W">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yttrium Wiki - Yttrium]</ref>
+<!--** [ Thoisoi2 - Yttrium]<ref name=TSY group="T">[ Thoisoi2 - Yttrium]</ref>-->
+=== Lanthanides ===
+==== 57 - La - Lanthanum ====
+* Lanthanum
+** [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanthanum Lanthanum]<ref name=WikiLa group="W">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanthanum Wiki - Lanthanum]</ref>
+** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0YhbvVhAudE Thoisoi2 - Lanthanum]<ref name=TSLa group="T">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0YhbvVhAudE Thoisoi2 - Lanthanum]</ref>
+==== 58 - Ce - Cerium ====
+* Cerium
+** [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerium Cerium]<ref name=WikiCe group="W">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerium Wiki - Cerium]</ref>
+** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HSa9MvYc90E Thoisoi2 - Cerium]<ref name=TSCe group="T">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HSa9MvYc90E Thoisoi2 - Cerium]</ref>
+==== 59 - Pr - Praseodymium ====
+* Praseodymium
+** [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praseodymium Praseodythium]<ref name=WikiPr group="W">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praseodymium Wiki - Praseodymium]</ref>
+** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FHDb-VjDWeE Thoisoi2 - Praseodymium]<ref name=TSPr group="T">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FHDb-VjDWeE Thoisoi2 - Praseodymium]</ref>
+==== 60 - Nd - Neodymium ====
+* Neodymium
+** [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neodymium Neodymium]<ref name=WikiNd group="W">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neodymium Wiki - Neodymium]</ref>
+** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SoxHTCod9Fc Thoisoi2 - Neodymium]<ref name=TSNd group="T">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SoxHTCod9Fc Thoisoi2 - Neodymium]</ref>
+;61 - Pm - Promethium
+''See [[User:Gaia1/Chembox#61 - Pm - Promethium|Promethium]]
-== TO BE INVESTIGATED ==
+==== 62 - Sm - Samarium ====
+* Samarium
+** [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarium Samarium]<ref name=WikiSm group="W">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarium Wiki - Samarium]</ref>
+** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d-RbpEIHJRI Thoisoi2 - Samarium]<ref name=TSSm group="T">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d-RbpEIHJRI Thoisoi2 - Samarium]</ref>
+==== 63 - Eu - Europium ====
+* Europium
+** [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europium Europium]<ref name=WikiEu group="W">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europium Wiki - Europium]</ref>
+** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uC4nn2Ku63c Thoisoi2 - Europium]<ref name=TSEu group="T">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uC4nn2Ku63c Thoisoi2 - Europium]</ref>
+==== 64 - Gd - Gadolinium ====
+* Gadolinium
+** [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadolinium Gadolinium]<ref name=WikiGd group="W">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadolinium Wiki - Gadolinium]</ref>
+** [[User:Gaia1/Chembox#Ytterby|Ytterby]], Sweden<ref name=TSYb group="T"/>
+** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jDZU5urVQTY Thoisoi2 - Gadolinium]<ref name=TSGd group="T">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jDZU5urVQTY Thoisoi2 - Gadolinium]</ref>
-* 81 - [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astatine Astatine]<ref name=WikiAt group="W">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astatine Wiki - Astatine]</ref>
+==== 65 - Tb - Terbium ====
+* Terbium
+** [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terbium Terbium]<ref name=WikiTb group="W">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terbium Wiki - Terbium]</ref>
+** [[User:Gaia1/Chembox#Ytterby|Ytterby]], Sweden<ref name=TSYb group="T"/>
+<!--** [ Thoisoi2 - Terbium]<ref name=TSTb group="T">[ Thoisoi2 - Terbium]</ref>-->
-<blockquote>"Astatine is a radioactive chemical element with the symbol At and atomic number 85. It is the rarest naturally occurring element in the Earth's crust, occurring only as the decay product of various heavier elements. All of astatine's isotopes are short-lived; the most stable is astatine-210, with a half-life of 8.1 hours. A sample of the pure element has never been assembled, because any macroscopic specimen would be immediately vaporized by the heat of its own radioactivity.
+==== 66 - Dy - Dysprosium ====
+* Dysprosium
+** [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysprosium Dysprosium]<ref name=WikiDy group="W">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysprosium Wiki - Dysprosium]</ref>
+** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uc4EVhl-EuY Thoisoi2 - Dysprosium]<ref name=TSDy group="T">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uc4EVhl-EuY Thoisoi2 - Dysprosium]</ref>
-The bulk properties of astatine are not known with any certainty. Many of them have been estimated based on the element's position on the periodic table as a heavier analog of iodine, and a member of the halogens (the group of elements including fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine). Astatine is likely to have a dark or lustrous appearance and may be a semiconductor or possibly a metal; it probably has a higher melting point than that of iodine. Chemically, several anionic species of astatine are known and most of its compounds resemble those of iodine. It also shows some metallic behavior, including being able to form a stable monatomic cation in aqueous solution (unlike the lighter halogens).
+==== 67 - Ho - Holmium ====
+* Holmium
+** [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holmium Holmium]<ref name=WikiHo group="W">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holmium Wiki - Holmium]</ref>
+** [[User:Gaia1/Chembox#Ytterby|Ytterby]], Sweden<ref name=TSYb group="T"/>
+** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v5CNMTfWVJ8 Thoisoi2 - Holmium]<ref name=TSHo group="T">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v5CNMTfWVJ8 Thoisoi2 - Holmium]</ref>
-The first synthesis of the element was in 1940 by Dale R. Corson, Kenneth Ross MacKenzie, and Emilio G. Segrè at the University of California, Berkeley, who named it from the Greek astatos (ἄστατος), meaning "unstable". Four isotopes of astatine were subsequently found to be naturally occurring, although much less than one gram is present at any given time in the Earth's crust. Neither the most stable isotope astatine-210, nor the medically useful astatine-211, occur naturally; they can only be produced synthetically, usually by bombarding bismuth-209 with alpha particles."</blockquote>
+==== 68 - Er - Erbium ====
+* Erbium
+** [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erbium Erbium]<ref name=WikiEr group="W">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erbium Wiki - Erbium]</ref>
+** [[User:Gaia1/Chembox#Ytterby|Ytterby]], Sweden<ref name=TSYb group="T"/>
+** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zJ7SfFTUqgQ Thoisoi2 - Erbium]<ref name=TSEr group="T">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zJ7SfFTUqgQ Thoisoi2 - Erbium]</ref>
-<blockquote>"'''Appearance: unknown, ''probably metallic'''''"</blockquote>
+==== 69 - Tm - Thulium ====
+* Thulium
+** [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thulium Wiki - Thulium]<ref name=WikiTm group="W">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thulium Wiki - Thulium]</ref>
+** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DyStjcP-ppw Thoisoi2 - Thulium]<ref name=TSTm group="T">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DyStjcP-ppw Thoisoi2 - Thulium]</ref>
-<blockquote>"Astatine is an extremely radioactive element; all its isotopes have '''short half-lives of 8.1 hours or less''', decaying into other astatine isotopes, [[bismuth]], [[polonium]] or [[radon]]. Most of its isotopes are very unstable with half-lives of one second or less. Of the first 101 elements in the periodic table, only francium is less stable, and '''all the astatine isotopes more stable than [[francium]] are in any case synthetic and do not occur in nature'''.
+==== 70 - Yb - Ytterbium ====
+* Ytterbium, named after [[User:Gaia1/Chembox#Ytterby|Ytterby]], Sweden<ref name=TSYb group="T"/>
+** [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ytterbium Wiki - Ytterbium]<ref name=WikiYb group="W">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ytterbium Wiki - Ytterbium]</ref>
+** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ivC-dBZvAkU Thoisoi2 - Ytterbium]<ref name=TSYb group="T">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ivC-dBZvAkU Thoisoi2 - Ytterbium]</ref>
-The '''bulk properties of astatine are not known with <u>any</u> certainty'''. Research is limited by its short half-life, which prevents the creation of weighable quantities. A visible piece of astatine would immediately vaporize itself because of the heat generated by its intense radioactivity. It remains to be seen if, with sufficient cooling, a macroscopic quantity of astatine could be deposited as a thin film. Astatine is usually classified as either a nonmetal or a metalloid; metal formation has also been predicted."</blockquote>
+==== 71 - Lu - Lutetium ====
+* Lutetium - named after Paris (Latin: ''Lutetium'')
+** [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutetium Wiki - Lutetium]<ref name=WikiLu group="W">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutetium Wiki - Lutetium]</ref>
+** [[User:Gaia1/Chembox#Ytterby|Ytterby]], Sweden<ref name=TSYb group="T"/>
+** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z6HYAlSdR2g Thoisoi2 - Lutetium]<ref name=TSLu group="T">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z6HYAlSdR2g Thoisoi2 - Lutetium]</ref>
-<blockquote>"In 1940, the Swiss chemist Walter Minder announced the discovery of element 85 as the beta decay product of [[radium]] A (polonium-218), choosing the name "helvetium" (from Helvetia, the Latin name of Switzerland). Karlik and Bernert were unsuccessful in reproducing his experiments, and subsequently attributed Minder's results to contamination of his radon stream ([[radon]]-222 is the parent isotope of [[polonium]]-218). In 1942, Minder, in collaboration with the English scientist Alice Leigh-Smith, announced the discovery of another isotope of element 85, presumed to be the product of thorium A (polonium-216) beta decay. They named this substance "anglo-helvetium", but Karlik and Bernert were again unable to reproduce these results.
+=== Others ===
-Later in 1940, Dale R. Corson, Kenneth Ross MacKenzie, and Emilio Segrè isolated the element at the University of California, Berkeley. Instead of searching for the element in nature, the scientists created it by bombarding bismuth-209 with alpha particles in a cyclotron (particle accelerator) to produce, after emission of two neutrons, astatine-211. The discoverers, however, did not immediately suggest a name for the element. The reason for this was that at the time, an element created synthetically in "invisible quantities" that had not yet discovered in nature was not seen as a completely valid one; in addition, chemists were reluctant to recognize radioactive isotopes as legitimately as stable ones. In 1943, astatine was found as a product of two naturally occurring decay chains by Berta Karlik and Traude Bernert, first in the so-called uranium series, and then in the actinium series.
+==== 37 - Rb - Rubidium ====
+* Rubidium
+** [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubidium Wiki - Rubidium]<ref name=WikiRb group="W">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubidium Wiki - Rubidium]</ref>
+** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g0P-A23m3lE Thoisoi2 - Rubidium]<ref name=TSRb group="T">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g0P-A23m3lE Thoisoi2 - Rubidium]</ref>
-(Since then, astatine was also found in a third decay chain, the [[neptunium]] series.) Friedrich Paneth in 1946 called to finally recognize synthetic elements, quoting, among other reasons, recent confirmation of their natural occurrence, and proposed that the discoverers of the newly discovered unnamed elements name these elements. In early 1947, Nature published the discoverers' suggestions; a letter from Corson, MacKenzie, and Segrè suggested the name "astatine" coming from the Greek astatos (αστατος) meaning "unstable", because of its propensity for radioactive decay, with the ending "-ine", found in the names of the four previously discovered halogens. The name was also chosen to continue the tradition of the four stable halogens, where the name referred to a property of the element.
+==== 40 - Zr - Zirconium ====
+* Zirconium
+** [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconium Wiki - Zirconium]<ref name=WikiZr group="W">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconium Wiki - Zirconium]</ref>
+** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yIBbrk56KwQ Thoisoi2 - Zirconium]<ref name=TSZr group="T">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yIBbrk56KwQ Thoisoi2 - Zirconium]</ref>
-'''Corson and his colleagues classified astatine as a metal on the basis of its analytical chemistry'''. Subsequent investigators reported iodine-like, cationic, or amphoteric behavior. In a 2003 retrospective, Corson wrote that "some of the properties [of astatine] are similar to iodine … it also exhibits metallic properties, more like its metallic neighbors Po and Bi."</blockquote>
+==== 44 - Ru - Ruthenium ====
+* Ruthenium, "named after Russia"??????? -> Kievan Rus Family -> Russia, Ruth -> Ruthenium =? ((((Rus = Ruth))) ??
+** [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenium Wiki - Ruthenium]<ref name=WikiRu group="W">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenium Wiki - Ruthenium]</ref>
+** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xtY6BpT4DTY Thoisoi2 - Ruthenium]<ref name=TSRu group="T">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xtY6BpT4DTY Thoisoi2 - Ruthenium]</ref>
-<blockquote>"Astatine was first produced by bombarding bismuth-209 with energetic alpha particles, and this is still the major route used to create the relatively long-lived isotopes astatine-209 through astatine-211. Astatine is only produced in minuscule quantities, with modern techniques allowing production runs of up to 6.6 giga becquerels ('''about 86 nanograms or 2.47 × 10^14 atoms'''). Synthesis of greater quantities of astatine using this method is constrained by the limited availability of suitable cyclotrons and the prospect of melting the target.
+==== 45 - Rh - Rhodium ====
+* Rhodium
+** [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodium Wiki - Rhodium]<ref name=WikiRh group="W">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodium Wiki - Rhodium]</ref>
+** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RcQVJ4lb8r0 Thoisoi2 - Rhodium]<ref name=TSRo group="T">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RcQVJ4lb8r0 Thoisoi2 - Rhodium]</ref>
-Solvent radiolysis due to the cumulative effect of astatine decay is a related problem. With cryogenic technology, microgram quantities of astatine might be able to be generated via proton irradiation of thorium or uranium to yield radon-211, in turn decaying to astatine-211. Contamination with astatine-210 is expected to be a drawback of this method.
+==== 46 - Pd - Palladium ====
+* Palladium
+** [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladium Wiki - Palladium]<ref name=WikiPd group="W">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladium Wiki - Palladium]</ref>
+** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FC-OBl9Eiiw Thoisoi2 - Palladium]<ref name=TSPd group="T">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FC-OBl9Eiiw Thoisoi2 - Palladium]</ref>
-The most important isotope is astatine-211, the only one in commercial use. To produce the bismuth target, the metal is sputtered onto a gold, copper, or aluminium surface at 50 to 100 milligrams per square centimeter. Bismuth oxide can be used instead; this is forcibly fused with a copper plate. The target is kept under a chemically neutral nitrogen atmosphere, and is cooled with water to prevent premature astatine vaporization.
+==== 49 - In - Indium ====
+* Indium
+** [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indium Wiki - Indium]<ref name=WikiIn group="W">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indium Wiki - Indium]</ref>
+** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mjiP5Q6g_aM Thoisoi2 - Indium]<ref name=TSIn group="T">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mjiP5Q6g_aM Thoisoi2 - Indium]</ref>
-In a '''[[particle accelerator]]''', such as a cyclotron, alpha particles are collided with the bismuth. Even though only one bismuth isotope is used (bismuth-209), the reaction may occur in three possible ways, producing astatine-209, astatine-210, or astatine-211. In order to eliminate undesired nuclides, the maximum energy of the particle accelerator is set to a value (optimally 29.17 MeV) above that for the reaction producing astatine-211 (to produce the desired isotope) and below the one producing astatine-210 (to avoid producing other astatine isotopes)."</blockquote>
+==== 72 - Hf - Hafnium ====
+* Hafnium
+** [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafnium Wiki - Hafnium]<ref name=WikiHf group="W">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafnium Wiki - Hafnium]</ref>
+** [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Nottidge_Moseley Wiki - Henry Nottidge Moseley]
+** [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenger_expedition Wiki - Challenger expedition]
+** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-jLX2D_tta0 Thoisoi2 - Hafnium]<ref name=TSHf group="T">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-jLX2D_tta0 Thoisoi2 - Hafnium]</ref>
-* 75 - [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhenium Rhenium]<ref name=WikiRe group="W">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhenium Wiki - Rhenium]</ref>
+;73 - Ta - Tantalum
+* ''See [[User:Gaia1/Chembox#73 - Ta - Tantalum|73 - Ta - Tantalum]]''
-<blockquote>"
+==== 74 - W - Tungsten ====
+* Wolframium - Wolfram, origin Tungsten?
+** [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungsten Wiki - Tungsten]<ref name=WikiW group="W">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungsten Wiki - Tungsten]</ref>
+** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6XxcVg2Dfck Thoisoi2 - Tungsten]<ref name=TSW group="T">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6XxcVg2Dfck Thoisoi2 - Tungsten]</ref>
-"</blockquote>
+==== 75 - Re - Rhenium ====
+* 75 - [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhenium Rhenium]<ref name=WikiRe group="W">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhenium Wiki - Rhenium]</ref>
+** [https://www.mindat.org/min-3401.html Mindat - Rhenium]
+** [https://www.mindat.org/loc-35.html Mindat - Allende meteorite]
+** [https://www.mindat.org/loc-122934.html Mindat - Rhenium locations]
+** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Duk20wEVgJQ Thoisoi2 - Rhenium]<ref name=TSRe group="T">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Duk20wEVgJQ Thoisoi2 - Rhenium]</ref>
 * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227089426_First_finding_of_natural_rhenium_in_the_transitional_clay_layer_at_the_Cretaceous-Paleogene_boundary_in_the_Gams_section_Eastern_Alps_Austria 2008 - Grachev & Borisovskiy - First finding of natural rhenium in the transitional clay layer at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary in the Gams section (Eastern Alps, Austria)]<ref name=ResRhenium>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227089426_First_finding_of_natural_rhenium_in_the_transitional_clay_layer_at_the_Cretaceous-Paleogene_boundary_in_the_Gams_section_Eastern_Alps_Austria 2008 - Grachev & Borisovskiy - First finding of natural rhenium in the transitional clay layer at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary in the Gams section (Eastern Alps, Austria)]</ref>
@@ Line 57: / Line 208: @@
 <blockquote>"Image of natural rhenium particle '''in secondary electrons( × 3000) [no idea what this means?]'''"</blockquote>
+==== 76 - Os - Osmium ====
+* Osmium
+** [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmium Wiki - Osmium]<ref name=WikiOs group="W">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmium Wiki - Osmium]</ref>
+** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D9C_lbivcn4 Thoisoi2 - Osmium]<ref name=TSOs group="T">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D9C_lbivcn4 Thoisoi2 - Osmium]</ref>
+==== 77 - Ir - Iridium ====
+* Iridium
+** [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium Wiki - Iridium]<ref name=WikiIr group="W">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium Wiki - Iridium]</ref>
+** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lGy1vGnYAak Thoisoi2 - Iridium]<ref name=TSIr group="T">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lGy1vGnYAak Thoisoi2 - Iridium]</ref>
+==== 81 - Tl - Thallium ====
+* Thallium, toxic metal
+** [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thallium Wiki - Thallium]<ref name=WikiTl group="W">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thallium Wiki - Thallium]</ref>
+** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZvgrXJwMm8I Thoisoi2 - Thallium]<ref name=TSTl group="T">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZvgrXJwMm8I Thoisoi2 - Thallium]</ref>
+==== 83 - Bi - Bismuth ====
+* Bismuth
+** [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuth Wiki - Bismuth]<ref name=WikiBi group="W">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuth Wiki - Bismuth]</ref>
+** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E7uiSTa1kXQ Thoisoi2 - Bismuth]<ref name=TSBt group="T">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E7uiSTa1kXQ Thoisoi2 - Bismuth]</ref>
+==== 84 - Po - Polonium ====
+* Polonium
+** [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonium Wiki - Polonium]<ref name=WikiPo group="W">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonium Wiki - Polonium]</ref>
+<!--** [ Thoisoi2 - Polonium]<ref name=TSPo group="T">[ Thoisoi2 - Polonium]</ref>-->
+==== 89 - Ac - Actinium ====
+* Actinium
+** [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinium Wiki - Actinium]<ref name=WikiAc group="W">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinium Wiki - Actinium]</ref>
+<!--** [ Thoisoi2 - Actinium]<ref name=TSAc group="T">[ Thoisoi2 - Actinium]</ref>-->
+==== 90 - Th - Thorium ====
+* Thorium, highly radioactive, pretty useless
+** [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorium Wiki - Thorium]<ref name=WikiTh group="W">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorium Wiki - Thorium]</ref>
+** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zjDw1VWJ_RU Thoisoi2 - Thorium]<ref name=TSTh group="T">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zjDw1VWJ_RU Thoisoi2 - Thorium]</ref>
+==== 91 - Pa - Proactinium ====
+* Proactinium
+** [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proactinium Wiki - Proactinium]<ref name=WikiPa group="W">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proactinium Wiki - Proactinium]</ref>
+<!--** [ Thoisoi2 - Proactinium]<ref name=TSPa group="T">[ Thoisoi2 - Proactinium]</ref>-->
+==== 92 - U - Uranium ====
+* Uranium
+** [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium Wiki - Uranium]<ref name=WikiU group="W">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium Wiki - Uranium]</ref>
+** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kkd2bYAVtOU Thoisoi2 - Uranium]<ref name=TSU group="T">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kkd2bYAVtOU Thoisoi2 - Uranium]</ref>
+== Natural resources ==
+=== Europe ===
+==== Ytterby ====
+* Located on Gotland, Sweden; most prolific element location on Earth
+* Type locality of:
+# [[User:Gaia1/Chembox#39 - Y - Yttrium|39 - Y - Yttrium]]<ref name=TSYb group="T"/>
+# [[User:Gaia1/Chembox#64 - Gd - Gadolinium|64 - Gd - Gadolinium]]<ref name=TSYb group="T"/>
+# [[User:Gaia1/Chembox#65 - Tb - Teribium|65 - Tb - Teribium]]<ref name=TSYb group="T"/>
+# [[User:Gaia1/Chembox#67 - Ho - Holmium|67 - Ho - Holmium]]<ref name=TSYb group="T"/>
+# [[User:Gaia1/Chembox#68 - Er - Erbium|68 - Er - Erbium]]<ref name=TSYb group="T"/>
+# [[User:Gaia1/Chembox#70 - Yb - Ytterbium|70 - Yb - Ytterbium]]<ref name=TSYb group="T"/>
+=== Africa ===
+==== Mali ====
+''See also [[:Category:Psyops in Mali|Psyops in Mali]]''<br>
+* [https://www.mindat.org/loc-158026.html Adiounedj, Kidal Region, Mali]<ref name=MindatMali1 group="M">[https://www.mindat.org/loc-158026.html Mindat - Adiounedj, Kidal Region, Mali]</ref>
+* '''REE-bearing''' carbonatite, hosted in fenite, rodbergite and syenite.
+** CaY(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>F - [https://www.mindat.org/min-3855.html Synchysite-(Y)]<ref name=MindatSynchysite group="M">[https://www.mindat.org/min-3855.html Mindat - Synchysite-(Y)]</ref>
+** Source of [[yttrium]]<ref name=WikiY group="W">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yttrium Wiki - Yttrium]</ref>
+* [https://www.mindat.org/loc-158027.html Anezrouf, Kidal Region, Mali]<ref name=MindatMali2 group="M">[https://www.mindat.org/loc-158027.html Mindat - Anezrouf, Kidal Region, Mali]</ref>
+* '''REE-bearing''' carbonatite, hosted in nepheline syenite, ijolite, phonolite, pyroxenite, and fenite.
+** NaCa<sub>2</sub>('''Zr,Nb''')(Si<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub>)(O,OH,F)<sub>2</sub> - [https://www.mindat.org/min-4303.html Wöhlerite]<ref name=MindatWohlerite group="M">[https://www.mindat.org/min-4303.html Mindat - Wöhlerite]</ref>
+** Source of [[zirconium]] and [[niobium]]
+==== Burkina Faso ====
+''See also [[FAC 610]] and [[:Category:Psyops in Burkina Faso|Psyops in Burkina Faso]]''<br>
+* [https://www.mindat.org/loc-39741.html Burkina Faso]<ref name=MindatBFaso group="M">[https://www.mindat.org/loc-39741.html Mindat - Burkina Faso]</ref>
+** [https://www.mindat.org/loc-305433.html Inata mine, Soum Province, Sahel Region]<ref name=MindatBFaso1 group="M">[https://www.mindat.org/loc-305433.html Mindat - Inata mine, Soum Province, Sahel Region]</ref>
+*** '''[[gold]]'''
+*** [[copper]]
+**** CuFeS2 - [https://www.mindat.org/min-955.html Chalcopyrite]<ref name=MindatChalcopyrite group="M">[https://www.mindat.org/min-955.html Mindat - Chalcopyrite]</ref>
+**** Cu5FeS4 - [https://www.mindat.org/min-727.html Bornite]<ref name=MindatBornite group="M">[https://www.mindat.org/min-727.html Mindat - Bornite]</ref>
+**** Cu6[Cu4(X)2]As4S12S , X= Fe2+ or Zn - [https://www.mindat.org/min-3911.html Tennantite]<ref name=MindatTennantite group="M">[https://www.mindat.org/min-3911.html Mindat - Tennantite]</ref>
+<blockquote>"Industrial Uses: '''Copper ore'''"</blockquote>
+*** [[cobalt]]
+**** Co2+Co3+2S4 - [https://www.mindat.org/min-2409.html Linnaeite]<ref name=MindatLinnaeite group="M">[https://www.mindat.org/min-2409.html Mindat - Linnaeite]</ref>
+*** [[lead]]
+**** PbS - [https://www.mindat.org/min-1641.html Galena]<ref name=MindatGalena group="M">[https://www.mindat.org/min-1641.html Mindat - Galena]</ref>
+*** [[nickel]]
+**** (Fe,Ni)9S8 - [https://www.mindat.org/min-2512.html Mackinawite]<ref name=MindatMackinawite group="M">[https://www.mindat.org/min-2512.html Mindat - Mackinawite]</ref>
+*** [[zinc]]
+**** ZnS - [https://www.mindat.org/min-3727.html Sphalerite]<ref name=MindatSphalerite group="M">[https://www.mindat.org/min-3727.html Mindat - Sphalerite]</ref>
+<blockquote>"Sphalerite, also known as blende or zinc blende, is '''the major ore of [[zinc]]'''. When pure (with little or no iron) it forms clear crystals with colours ranging from pale yellow (known as Cleiophane) to orange and red shades (known as Ruby Blende), but as iron content increases it forms dark, opaque metallic crystals (known as Marmatite).
+Very rare green crystals owe their colour to trace amounts of Co (Henn & Hofmann, 1985; Rager et al., 1996).
+Sphalerite may also contain considerable [[manganese|Mn]], grading into alabandite. Samples containing up to 0.36 apfu (atoms per formula unit) Mn (21.4 wt.% MnO) have been described by Hurai & Huraiová (2011)."</blockquote>
+** [https://www.mindat.org/loc-241277.html Kalsaka Mine, Yatenga Province, Nord Region]<ref name=MindatBFaso2 group="M">[https://www.mindat.org/loc-241277.html Mindat - Kalsaka Mine, Yatenga Province, Nord Region]</ref>
+*** [[gold]]
+<blockquote>"An active gold mine operated by Cluff Gold in the Boromo greenstone belt of Burkina Faso. Gold mineralization is hosted in narrow shear zones that are orientated parallel to the regional structural grain and contain thick quartz veins whose brecciated margins host the highest grades (Cluff Gold)."</blockquote>
+** [https://www.mindat.org/loc-241278.html Solna, Yagha Province, Sahel Region]<ref name=MindatBFaso3 group="M">[https://www.mindat.org/loc-241278.html Mindat - Solna, Yagha Province, Sahel Region]</ref>
+*** [[gold]]
+<blockquote>"A fairly big '''artisanal gold digging''' site which is intermittently worked for gold since the late 1980s. At least two subvertical auriferous quartz veins trending N35 to N50 are hosted by Birimian granitoids."</blockquote>
+** [https://www.mindat.org/loc-276345.html Bouroum-Yalogo greenstone belt, Yalgo Department, Namentenga Province, Centre-Nord Region]<ref name=MindatBFaso4 group="M">[https://www.mindat.org/loc-276345.html Mindat - Bouroum-Yalogo greenstone belt, Yalgo Department, Namentenga Province, Centre-Nord Region]</ref>
+*** [[gold]]
+*** [[lead]]
+**** galena<ref name=MindatGalena group="M"/>
+*** [[zinc]]
+**** sphalerite<ref name=MindatSphalerite group="M"/>
+*** [[copper]]
+**** Cu2S - [https://www.mindat.org/min-962.html Chalcocite]<ref name=MindatChalcocite group="M">[https://www.mindat.org/min-962.html Mindat - Chalcocite]</ref>
+**** chalcopyrite<ref name=MindatChalcopyrite group="M"/>
+<blockquote>"African Plate	Tectonic Plate
+West Africa	'''UN Subregion [???]'''"</blockquote>
+** [https://www.mindat.org/loc-127026.html Taparko Mine, Bouroum-Yalogo greenstone belt, Yalgo Department, Namentenga Province, Centre-Nord Region]<ref name=MindatBFaso5 group="M">[https://www.mindat.org/loc-127026.html Mindat - Taparko Mine, Bouroum-Yalogo greenstone belt, Yalgo Department, Namentenga Province, Centre-Nord Region]</ref>
+*** [[gold]]
+<blockquote>"A gold mine opened in 2005."</blockquote>
+** [https://www.mindat.org/loc-265956.html Essakane Mine, Oudalan Province, Sahel Region]<ref name=MindatBFaso6 group="M">[https://www.mindat.org/loc-265956.html Mindat - Essakane Mine, Oudalan Province, Sahel Region]</ref>
+*** [[gold]]
+<blockquote>"Gold mine.
+Straddles the border between the provinces Oudalan and Séno.
+Located 42 km east of the nearest large town and the provincial capital of Oudalan, Gorom-Gorom."</blockquote>
+** [https://www.mindat.org/loc-39830.html Tambao Mine, Oudalan Province, Sahel Region]<ref name=MindatBFaso7 group="M">[https://www.mindat.org/loc-39830.html Mindat - Tambao Mine, Oudalan Province, Sahel Region]</ref>
+<blockquote>"A lateritic manganese ore deposit, '''among the cryptomelane-richest in the world'''.
+Mt at 52% Mn.
+Production of the open-pit mine started in 1994 but was suspended due to high transport costs."</blockquote>
+*** [[manganese]]
+**** K(Mn4+7Mn3+)O16 - [https://www.mindat.org/min-1164.html Cryptomelane]<ref name=MindatCryptomelane group="M">[https://www.mindat.org/min-1164.html Mindat - Cryptomelane]</ref>
+<blockquote>"Visually indistinguishable from hollandite and several other manganese oxide minerals."</blockquote>
+**** Ba(Mn4+6Mn3+2)O16 - [https://www.mindat.org/min-1921.html Hollandite]<ref name=MindatHollandite group="M">[https://www.mindat.org/min-1921.html Mindat - Hollandite]</ref>
+<blockquote>"Named in honor of Sir Thomas Henry Holland (22 November 1868, Helston, Cornwall, England – 15 May 1947, Surbiton, London), geologist and educational administrator. He was Director of the Geological Survey of India. He also held administrative positions at the Imperial College London and the University of Edinburgh."</blockquote>
-* 61 - [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promethium Promethium]<ref name=WikiPm group="W">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promethium Wiki - Promethium]</ref>
+**** Mn2+Mn3+2O4 - [https://www.mindat.org/min-1832.html Hausmannite]<ref name=MindatHausmannite group="M">[https://www.mindat.org/min-1832.html Mindat - Hausmannite]</ref>
+**** CaMn2+(CO3)2 - [https://www.mindat.org/min-2299.html Kutnohorite]<ref name=MindatKutnohorite group="M">[https://www.mindat.org/min-2299.html Mindat - Kutnohorite]</ref>
+**** (Al,Li)MnO2(OH)2 - [https://www.mindat.org/min-2419.html Lithiophorite]<ref name=MindatLithiophorite group="M">[https://www.mindat.org/min-2419.html Mindat - Lithiophorite]</ref>
+<blockquote>"Named for [[lithium|LITHIum]] and the Greek phoros, for 'to bear'."</blockquote>
+**** [ ]<ref name=Mindat7 group="M">[ Mindat - ]</ref>
+**** [https://www.mindat.org/min-2940.html ]<ref name=Mindat8 group="M">[https://www.mindat.org/min-2940.html Mindat - ]</ref>
+**** [https://www.mindat.org/min-3318.html ]<ref name=Mindat9 group="M">[ Mindat - ]</ref>
+**** [ ]<ref name=Mindat10 group="M">[ Mindat - ]</ref>
+**** [ ]<ref name=Mindat11 group="M">[ Mindat - ]</ref>
+**** [ ]<ref name=Mindat12 group="M">[ Mindat - ]</ref>
+**** [ ]<ref name=Mindat13 group="M">[ Mindat - ]</ref>
+**** [ ]<ref name=Mindat14 group="M">[ Mindat - ]</ref>
+** [https://www.mindat.org/loc-310426.html Kiaka deposit, Centre-Sud Region]<ref name=MindatBFaso8 group="M">[https://www.mindat.org/loc-310426.html Mindat - Kiaka deposit, Centre-Sud Region]</ref>
+*** [[gold]]
+<blockquote>"The Kiaka mine is one of the largest gold mines in Burkina Faso. The mine is located in the center of the country in Zoundwéogo Province. The mine has estimated reserves of 5 million oz of gold.[Wikipedia]"</blockquote>
+* [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310357666_Geology_of_the_world-class_Kiaka_polyphase_gold_deposit_West_African_Craton_Burkina_Faso Geology of the world-class Kiaka polyphase gold deposit, West African Craton, Burkina Faso]<ref name=ResKiaka>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310357666_Geology_of_the_world-class_Kiaka_polyphase_gold_deposit_West_African_Craton_Burkina_Faso 2017 - Fontaine et al. - Geology of the world-class Kiaka polyphase gold deposit, West African Craton, Burkina Faso]</ref>
+<blockquote>"'''The Kiaka gold deposit is a major resource in West Africa, with measured and indicated resources of 124 Mt at 1.09 g/t Au (3.9 Moz) and inferred resources of 27 Mt at 0.83 g/t Au (0.8 Moz). Located within the Manga-Fada N'Gourma greenstone and plutonic belt in south of the Burkina Faso, the deposit is hosted by a metamorphosed volcano-sedimentary sequence of lithic-, quartz-biotite metagreywackes, aluminosilicate-bearing metapelites and garnet-orthopyroxene-bearing schists and volcanic units. Structural observations indicate four local deformation events: DK1, DK2 and DK3 and DK4.
+Respectively, these events are linked to regional D1 E-W compression, D2 NW-SE compression and lastly, D3- and D4-related reactivations along D2 shear zones. The S2 foliation and D2 shear zones are developed during lower amphibolite facies metamorphism whereas retrogression occurs during D3-4 reactivations along these shear zones at upper greenschist facies conditions.
+The emplacement of a dioritic intrusion, dated at 2140 ± 7 Ma (Concordia U-Pb age on magmatic zircon), is interpreted to be contemporaneous with sinistral displacement along mineralized, NE-trending D2 shear zones. The intersection of these shears zones and the Markoye shear zone (dextral-reverse D1 and sinistral-reverse D2 reactivations) controlled the final geometry of the host rocks and the ore zones. Four subparallel elongated ore bodies are mainly hosted within D2-related shear zones and some are developed in an apparent axial plane of a F2 isoclinal fold.
+Detailed petrographic studies have identified two main types of hydrothermal alteration associated with two stages of gold mineralization. The stage (1) corresponds to replacement zones with biotite and clinozoisite during the D2 event associated with pyrrhotite ± pyrite, chalcopyrite (disseminated gold stage). The stage (2) occurs during reactivations of the D2-related auriferous shear zones (vein stage) and is characterized by diopside ± actinolite D3 veins and veinlets and D4 pervasive muscovite, ± chlorite, ± calcite in quartz-carbonate vein selvages and associated with pyrrhotiteþarsenopyrite±electrum, ±native gold and tellurobismuthite.
+The latter stage (2) could be divided into two sub-stages based on mineralogy and crosscutting relationship. A weighted average Re-Os pyrrhotite age at 2157 ± 24 Ma (Re-Os age based on 3 replicates) constraints the timing of the disseminated gold stage and represents the first absolute age for gold mineralization in the Manga Fada N'Gourma area. The timing of gold at Kiaka may be also coeval with one of the two lode gold event at ~ ca. 2.16e2.15 Ga and occurred concomitant with tectono-thermal activity during Eo-Eburnean orogeny."</blockquote>
+**** [ ]<ref name=Mindat3 group="M">[ Mindat - ]</ref>
+**** [ ]<ref name=Mindat4 group="M">[ Mindat - ]</ref>
+==== Tsumeb, Namibia ====
+* ''See also'' [[President Camacho Part 00|''President Camacho'' Part 00]]
+* Most type minerals on Earth; 72
+**** [ ]<ref name=Mindat1 group="M">[ Mindat - ]</ref>
+**** [ ]<ref name=Mindat2 group="M">[ Mindat - ]</ref>
+== TO BE INVESTIGATED ==
+=== Below Uranium ===
+==== 61 - Pm - Promethium ====
+* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promethium Promethium]<ref name=WikiPm group="W">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promethium Wiki - Promethium]</ref>
 <blockquote>"Promethium is a chemical element with the symbol Pm and atomic number 61. All of its isotopes are radioactive; it is extremely rare, with only about 500–600 grams naturally occurring in Earth's crust at any given time. Promethium is one of only two radioactive elements that are followed in the periodic table by elements with stable forms, the other being technetium. Chemically, promethium is a lanthanide. Promethium shows only one stable oxidation state of +3.
@@ Line 70: / Line 437: @@
 In 1965 Olavi Erämetsä separated out traces of 145Pm from a rare earth concentrate purified from apatite, resulting in '''an upper limit of <big>10^−21</big> for the abundance of promethium in nature'''; this '''may have been''' produced by the '''natural nuclear fission [??] of uranium''', or by '''cosmic ray spallation of 146Nd'''."</blockquote>
-<blockquote>"
+==== 81 - At - Astatine ====
+* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astatine Astatine]<ref name=WikiAt group="W">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astatine Wiki - Astatine]</ref>
-"</blockquote>
+<blockquote>"Astatine is a radioactive chemical element with the symbol At and atomic number 85. It is the rarest naturally occurring element in the Earth's crust, occurring only as the decay product of various heavier elements. All of astatine's isotopes are short-lived; the most stable is astatine-210, with a half-life of 8.1 hours. A sample of the pure element has never been assembled, because any macroscopic specimen would be immediately vaporized by the heat of its own radioactivity.
-<blockquote>"
+The bulk properties of astatine are not known with any certainty. Many of them have been estimated based on the element's position on the periodic table as a heavier analog of iodine, and a member of the halogens (the group of elements including fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine). Astatine is likely to have a dark or lustrous appearance and may be a semiconductor or possibly a metal; it probably has a higher melting point than that of iodine. Chemically, several anionic species of astatine are known and most of its compounds resemble those of iodine. It also shows some metallic behavior, including being able to form a stable monatomic cation in aqueous solution (unlike the lighter halogens).
-"</blockquote>
+The first synthesis of the element was in 1940 by Dale R. Corson, Kenneth Ross MacKenzie, and Emilio G. Segrè at the University of California, Berkeley, who named it from the Greek astatos (ἄστατος), meaning "unstable". Four isotopes of astatine were subsequently found to be naturally occurring, although much less than one gram is present at any given time in the Earth's crust. Neither the most stable isotope astatine-210, nor the medically useful astatine-211, occur naturally; they can only be produced synthetically, usually by bombarding bismuth-209 with alpha particles."</blockquote>
+<blockquote>"'''Appearance: unknown, ''probably metallic'''''"</blockquote>
+<blockquote>"Astatine is an extremely radioactive element; all its isotopes have '''short half-lives of 8.1 hours or less''', decaying into other astatine isotopes, [[bismuth]], [[polonium]] or [[radon]]. Most of its isotopes are very unstable with half-lives of one second or less. Of the first 101 elements in the periodic table, only francium is less stable, and '''all the astatine isotopes more stable than [[francium]] are in any case synthetic and do not occur in nature'''.
-* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptunium Wiki - Neptunium]
+The '''bulk properties of astatine are not known with <u>any</u> certainty'''. Research is limited by its short half-life, which prevents the creation of weighable quantities. A visible piece of astatine would immediately vaporize itself because of the heat generated by its intense radioactivity. It remains to be seen if, with sufficient cooling, a macroscopic quantity of astatine could be deposited as a thin film. Astatine is usually classified as either a nonmetal or a metalloid; metal formation has also been predicted."</blockquote>
-* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Joliot-Curie Wiki - Frédéric Joliot-Curie]
-* 43 - [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technetium Wiki - Technetium]
-* 39 - [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yttrium Wiki - Yttrium]
-* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Moseley Wiki - Henry Moseley]
-* 72 - [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafnium Wiki - Hafnium]
-* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Nottidge_Moseley Wiki - Henry Nottidge Moseley]
-* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenger_expedition Wiki - Challenger expedition]
-* 87 - [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francium Wiki - Francium]
-* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marguerite_Perey Wiki - Marguerite Perey]
-* 83 - [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuth Wiki - Bismuth]
-* 81 - [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thallium Wiki - Thallium]
-* 74 - [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungsten Wiki - Thungsten]
-* 76 - [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmium Wiki - Osmium]
-* 77 - [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium Wiki - Iridium]
-* [ Wiki - ]
-* [ Wiki - ]
-* [https://www.mindat.org/min-3401.html Mindat - Rhenium]
-* [https://www.mindat.org/loc-35.html Mindat - Allende meteorite]
-* [https://www.mindat.org/loc-122934.html Mindat - Rhenium]
-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition_metal
+<blockquote>"In 1940, the Swiss chemist Walter Minder announced the discovery of element 85 as the beta decay product of [[radium]] A (polonium-218), choosing the name "helvetium" (from Helvetia, the Latin name of Switzerland). Karlik and Bernert were unsuccessful in reproducing his experiments, and subsequently attributed Minder's results to contamination of his radon stream ([[radon]]-222 is the parent isotope of [[polonium]]-218). In 1942, Minder, in collaboration with the English scientist Alice Leigh-Smith, announced the discovery of another isotope of element 85, presumed to be the product of thorium A (polonium-216) beta decay. They named this substance "anglo-helvetium", but Karlik and Bernert were again unable to reproduce these results.
-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust
-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_the_chemical_elements
-https://www.mindat.org/loc-122934.html
+Later in 1940, Dale R. Corson, Kenneth Ross MacKenzie, and Emilio Segrè isolated the element at the University of California, Berkeley. Instead of searching for the element in nature, the scientists created it by bombarding bismuth-209 with alpha particles in a cyclotron (particle accelerator) to produce, after emission of two neutrons, astatine-211. The discoverers, however, did not immediately suggest a name for the element. The reason for this was that at the time, an element created synthetically in "invisible quantities" that had not yet discovered in nature was not seen as a completely valid one; in addition, chemists were reluctant to recognize radioactive isotopes as legitimately as stable ones. In 1943, astatine was found as a product of two naturally occurring decay chains by Berta Karlik and Traude Bernert, first in the so-called uranium series, and then in the actinium series.
-https://www.mindat.org/loc-195983.html
-https://www.geni.com/people/Jean-Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric-Joliot-Curie-Nobel-Prize-in-Chemistry-1935/4754318462110039906
-https://www.geni.com/people/Henri-Joliot/4754573530780072294
-https://www.geni.com/people/Suzanne-Kamm/6000000025343802828
-https://www.geni.com/people/Catherine-Roederer/6000000025342790583
-https://www.geni.com/people/Nicolas-Hansmetzger/6000000025342966561
-https://www.geni.com/people/Abraham-Hansmetzger/6000000025342957414
-https://www.geni.com/people/Barbara-Hansmetzger/6000000025343761861
-=== Coltan ===
+(Since then, astatine was also found in a third decay chain, the [[neptunium]] series.) Friedrich Paneth in 1946 called to finally recognize synthetic elements, quoting, among other reasons, recent confirmation of their natural occurrence, and proposed that the discoverers of the newly discovered unnamed elements name these elements. In early 1947, Nature published the discoverers' suggestions; a letter from Corson, MacKenzie, and Segrè suggested the name "astatine" coming from the Greek astatos (αστατος) meaning "unstable", because of its propensity for radioactive decay, with the ending "-ine", found in the names of the four previously discovered halogens. The name was also chosen to continue the tradition of the four stable halogens, where the name referred to a property of the element.
-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmenium
-== Adam Green ==
+'''Corson and his colleagues classified astatine as a metal on the basis of its analytical chemistry'''. Subsequent investigators reported iodine-like, cationic, or amphoteric behavior. In a 2003 retrospective, Corson wrote that "some of the properties [of astatine] are similar to iodine … it also exhibits metallic properties, more like its metallic neighbors Po and Bi."</blockquote>
-* [https://www.ft.com/content/6df2befe-cb00-11e7-8536-d321d0d897a3 2018-03-29 - '''Adam Green''' - Financial Times - Satellites, lasers and '''undersea bots track world carbon stocks''' - Technology improves understanding of forests’ and oceans’ role in climate change]<ref name=FTAdamGreen>[https://www.ft.com/content/6df2befe-cb00-11e7-8536-d321d0d897a3 2018-03-29 - '''Adam Green''' - Financial Times - Satellites, lasers and '''undersea bots track world carbon stocks''' - Technology improves understanding of forests’ and oceans’ role in climate change]</ref>
-<blockquote>"Satellite and aerial observation are improving our understanding of the environment and climate change. In places harder to see, however, ground-based lasers and ocean-going robots can reveal much more about the planet’s carbon cycle.
+<blockquote>"Astatine was first produced by bombarding bismuth-209 with energetic alpha particles, and this is still the major route used to create the relatively long-lived isotopes astatine-209 through astatine-211. Astatine is only produced in minuscule quantities, with modern techniques allowing production runs of up to 6.6 giga becquerels ('''about 86 nanograms or 2.47 × 10^14 atoms'''). Synthesis of greater quantities of astatine using this method is constrained by the limited availability of suitable cyclotrons and the prospect of melting the target.
-Fleets of tiny satellites are buzzing around the planet monitoring pollution and emissions. They track wildfires, help farmers estimate crop yields, and assist ships navigating iceberg-infested seas. Mason Peck, associate professor at Cornell University and former chief technologist at Nasa, believes satellite innovation will tackle a widening range of social and economic problems.
+Solvent radiolysis due to the cumulative effect of astatine decay is a related problem. With cryogenic technology, microgram quantities of astatine might be able to be generated via proton irradiation of thorium or uranium to yield radon-211, in turn decaying to astatine-211. Contamination with astatine-210 is expected to be a drawback of this method.
-“We’ll discover more about Earth than we thought possible — from ancient cities in the jungle to patterns of flooding, erosion, and plate tectonics that can inform how we build the cities of the future,” he predicts. “Widespread deforestation, human rights abuses, pollution, and other offences against humanity and the planet, cannot hide any longer”.
+The most important isotope is astatine-211, the only one in commercial use. To produce the bismuth target, the metal is sputtered onto a gold, copper, or aluminium surface at 50 to 100 milligrams per square centimeter. Bismuth oxide can be used instead; this is forcibly fused with a copper plate. The target is kept under a chemically neutral nitrogen atmosphere, and is cooled with water to prevent premature astatine vaporization.
-Environmental observation is one of the most pressing projects. Programmes like the European Space Agency’s Sentinel can now pinpoint emission sources with increasing accuracy, and identify the ‘fingerprint’ of individual gases.
+In a '''[[particle accelerator]]''', such as a cyclotron, alpha particles are collided with the bismuth. Even though only one bismuth isotope is used (bismuth-209), the reaction may occur in three possible ways, producing astatine-209, astatine-210, or astatine-211. In order to eliminate undesired nuclides, the maximum energy of the particle accelerator is set to a value (optimally 29.17 MeV) above that for the reaction producing astatine-211 (to produce the desired isotope) and below the one producing astatine-210 (to avoid producing other astatine isotopes)."</blockquote>
-However, two areas that play a crucial part in the planet’s carbon cycle — beneath the forest canopy, and in the darker recesses of the sea — cannot be observed by satellites alone, even though they will profoundly affect how climate change plays out. Complementary technologies are being developed to complete our understanding.
+<blockquote>"
-Forests
+"</blockquote>
-Start with forestry. Trees are the earth’s lungs, absorbing carbon dioxide through photosynthesis and storing it as carbon in new wood; approximately half their total dry weight is carbon, says Andrew Burt, a research associate at University College London. The UN-led framework for protecting forests, known as REDD+, tries to deter deforestation by ascribing a monetary value to trees based on the environmental benefits they provide, such as capturing carbon.
-“If you are going to put a dollar value on carbon in tropical forests to stop deforestation, then getting that number right is key”
+<blockquote>"
-Mat Disney, reader in remote sensing in the department of geography at University College London
+"</blockquote>
-“If you are going to put a dollar value on carbon in tropical forests to stop deforestation, then getting that number right is key,” says Mat Disney, reader in remote sensing in the department of geography at University College London. “At least as important, if not more so, is the transparency of how forest carbon is measured, such that individual countries will sign up”.
-In the past, carbon stock estimation has been very imprecise. Simply measuring the size of a forest from the air or from space is not sufficient because it is biomass — the density and complexity of trees’ bodies — that determines carbon absorption. A humble sycamore in an English garden can have over 10 kilometres of branching if it were laid out end-to-end, says Mr Disney, even if it weighs only a few tonnes. Conversely, a giant African moabi tree might look majestic, at twice the height and 10 times the mass of the sycamore, but only has half the length of branches, with almost all its mass in its near-branchless trunk.
-In the past, carbon stocks were measured by manually recording tree diameter and extrapolating through a set of empirical relationships. This method could be very inaccurate, however, Mr Burt says.
-Instead, the UCL researchers get up close with terrestrial lasers. Historically used in forest surveying, over the past five years terrestrial laser scanners have enjoyed a rebirth through their deployment for measuring and understanding forest structures and ecology.
-Recommended
+==== 43 - Tc - Technetium ====
+* Technetium
+** [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technetium Wiki - Technetium]
+** [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Moseley Wiki - Henry '''Moseley''']
-FT Magazine
+==== 87 - Fr - Francium ====
-A space revolution: do tiny satellites threaten our privacy
+* Francium
-Emitting laser pulses throughout the forest, they collect millions of individual measurements of each tree. “From that we generate complex point clouds which give a complete 3D map of individual trees, to an accuracy of several millimetres,” says Mr Burt adding that this enables scientists to estimate the trees’ volume and weight.
+** [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francium Wiki - Francium]
+** [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marguerite_Perey Wiki - Marguerite Perey]
-Their work is feeding into two radar-based biomass satellite programs, Nasa’s Gedi radar, and the ESA’s Biomass radar, due to begin operating by 2021. Both Gedi and Biomass work by estimating the height and density of forests, and then relating that to biomass. “They need to calibrate their algorithms pre-launch, and then validate the resulting estimates they get post-launch”, says Mr Disney, adding that terrestrial laser is the best way to do that. This collaboration between laser scanning and satellite data could ensure a more transparent and rigorous process for measuring carbon absorption.
+=== Artificial elements ===
-Oceans
+==== 93 - Np - Neptunium ====
-A second part of the carbon cycle that satellites cannot alone illuminate is the deep sea. Oceans, like forests, counterbalance emissions by absorbing some CO2 but the interplay between oceans and atmosphere is not fully understood.
+* Neptunium
+* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptunium Wiki - Neptunium]<ref name=WikiNp group="W">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptunium Wiki - Neptunium]</ref>
+** [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Joliot-Curie Wiki - Frédéric Joliot-'''Curie''']
-Oceans contain 50 times more carbon than the atmosphere, and have absorbed 150 billion tonnes of carbon since 1870, equivalent to around 30 per cent of emissions resulting from human activity. This is thanks to multiple interlinked processes, which include photosynthesis by surface-floating phytoplankton which then enter the marine food chain. Carbon biomass also converts into fecal pellets, detrital matter and dead cells, falling into deeper ocean currents and even the sea floor.
-A crucial layer is the “mesopelagic”, between 200 and 1000 metres from the surface, where very little light penetrates, and whose life forms are poorly documented. Satellites can see only a few centimetres below the surface and once carbon enters the ocean, it is hard to track, limiting our understanding of oceanic carbon absorption and its influence on climate.
+==== 108 - Hs - Hassium ====
+* Hassium
+** [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassium Wiki - Hassium]<ref name=WikiHs group="W">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassium Wiki - Hassium]</ref>
+** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nF5B13Y5taQ Thoisoi2 - Hassium]<ref name=TSHs group="T">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nF5B13Y5taQ Thoisoi2 - Hassium]</ref>
-To learn more, the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) is developing the “mesobot” to study the animals that live at that depth and the fate of descending particles.
-“Mesobot will use stereo cameras and on-board intelligence to track animals automatically as they migrate daily up and down in the water column,” says Dana Yoerger, senior scientist in the Applied Ocean Physics and Engineering Department at WHOI.
+==== 112 - Cn - Copernicium ====
+* Copernicium
+** [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copernicium Wiki - Copernicium]<ref name=WikiCn group="W">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copernicium Wiki - Copernicium]</ref>
+** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S3n_DBNMoqY Thoisoi2 - Copernicium]<ref name=TSCn group="T">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S3n_DBNMoqY Thoisoi2 - Copernicium]</ref>
-The WHOI says the mesobot “provides a new and unique capability that can fill critical gaps in our understanding of midwater ecosystems, the biological pump, and their collective influence on the global carbon cycle”.
-The work will complement other research efforts such as a UK-based programme, led by the National Oceanography Centre, to collect organic, carbon-rich particles sinking through the ocean, using nets and traps in the tropical Atlantic and Southern Ocean. That group believes such particle collection will help our understanding of carbon dynamics in the ocean’s interior, and further improve climate change predictions.
-Together with satellite imagery, these new ways to measure land and sea will make tracking the carbon cycle a much more precise science."</blockquote>
@@ Line 175: / Line 512: @@
 === Research ===
 <references group="R"/>
+=== Thoisoi2 ===
+<references group="T"/>
 === Wikipedia ===
@@ Line 185: / Line 525: @@
 <references/>
+== External links ==
+=== Wikipedia ===
+* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition_metal Wiki - Transition metal]
+* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust Wiki - Abundance of elements in the Earth's crust]
+* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_the_chemical_elements Wiki - Abundance of the chemical elements]
+=== Mindat ===
+* [https://www.mindat.org/loc-122934.html Mindat1]
+* [https://www.mindat.org/loc-195983.html Mindat2]
+=== Geni ===
+* [https://www.geni.com/people/Jean-Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric-Joliot-Curie-Nobel-Prize-in-Chemistry-1935/4754318462110039906 Geni - Jean Frédéric Joliot Curie]
+* [https://www.geni.com/people/Henri-Joliot/4754573530780072294 Geni - Henri Joliot]
+* [https://www.geni.com/people/Suzanne-Kamm/6000000025343802828 Geni - Suzanne Kamm]
+* [https://www.geni.com/people/Catherine-Roederer/6000000025342790583 Geni - Catherine Roederer]
+* [https://www.geni.com/people/Nicolas-Hansmetzger/6000000025342966561 Geni - Nicolas Hansmetzger]
+* [https://www.geni.com/people/Abraham-Hansmetzger/6000000025342957414 Geni - Abraham Hansmetzger]
+* [https://www.geni.com/people/Barbara-Hansmetzger/6000000025343761861 Geni - Barbara Hansmetzger]
+=== Radiogenic heat production ===
+* [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1015568119996 2002 – Douglas W. Waples – A New Model for Heat Flow in Extensional Basins: Estimating Radiogenic Heat Production]
+* [https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2000JB900279 2000 – Andrea & Hans-Jürgen Förster – Crustal composition and mantle heat flow: Implications from surface heat flow and radiogenic heat production in the Variscan Erzgebirge (Germany)]
+* [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268032829_44_MEASUREMENTS_OF_RADIOGENIC_HEAT_PRODUCTION_ON_BASEMENT_SAMPLES_FROM_SITES_897_AND_900_1 1996 – Keith E. Louden & Jean-Claude Mareschal – MEASUREMENTS OF RADIOGENIC HEAT PRODUCTION ON BASEMENT SAMPLES FROM SITES 897 AND 900]
+* [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265185604_Data_Report_Measurements_of_radiogenic_heat_production_on_production_on_basement_samples_from_sites_1067_and_1068 2001 – K.E. Louden, R.B. Whitmarsh & J.-C. Mareschal – Data Report: Measurements of radiogenic heat production on production on basement samples from sites 1067 and 1068]
+[[Category:War For Resources]]
+[[Category:Nuke Hoax]]
+[[Category:Space fakery]]
 [[Category:TO BE INVESTIGATED]]

User:Gaia1/Chembox: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 14:10, 11 November 2019

Overview

Rare Earth Elements - REE

Coltan

41 - Nb - Niobium

73 - Ta - Tantalum

Group 3 elements

21 - Sc - Scandium

39 - Y - Yttrium

Lanthanides

57 - La - Lanthanum

58 - Ce - Cerium

59 - Pr - Praseodymium

60 - Nd - Neodymium

62 - Sm - Samarium

63 - Eu - Europium

64 - Gd - Gadolinium

65 - Tb - Terbium

66 - Dy - Dysprosium

67 - Ho - Holmium

68 - Er - Erbium

69 - Tm - Thulium

70 - Yb - Ytterbium

71 - Lu - Lutetium

Others

37 - Rb - Rubidium

40 - Zr - Zirconium

44 - Ru - Ruthenium

45 - Rh - Rhodium

46 - Pd - Palladium

49 - In - Indium

72 - Hf - Hafnium

74 - W - Tungsten

75 - Re - Rhenium

76 - Os - Osmium

77 - Ir - Iridium

81 - Tl - Thallium

83 - Bi - Bismuth

84 - Po - Polonium

89 - Ac - Actinium

90 - Th - Thorium

91 - Pa - Proactinium

92 - U - Uranium

Natural resources

Europe

Ytterby

Africa

Mali

Burkina Faso

Tsumeb, Namibia

TO BE INVESTIGATED

Below Uranium

61 - Pm - Promethium

81 - At - Astatine

43 - Tc - Technetium

87 - Fr - Francium

Artificial elements

93 - Np - Neptunium

108 - Hs - Hassium

112 - Cn - Copernicium

References

Research

Thoisoi2

Wikipedia

Mindat

Other

External links

Wikipedia

Mindat

Geni

Radiogenic heat production

Navigation menu

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